Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steels

Macro Inclusions

(Cr,Ti)(C,N) inclusions in ferrochromium
(Fe, Cr)3O4 spinel layer on Fe–10Cr alloy
(Ti,Ca)-oxides and Ti-nitrides in 409L stainless steels I
(Ti,Mn,Si,Mg)O, (Ce,Ti)x and TiN, Al2O3, (Al,Mg)O+(Ti,Nb)C+MnS, MnS inclusions in steel
280M and 280R steels
316Ca and 316R steels
A SEM image of a fatigue crack initiating aluminium oxide inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical large cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical large cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical large cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A backscattering SEM image of a typical large globular calcium aluminate inclusion with magnesia encapsulated in calcium sulfide on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A big slag inclusion in AISI 1040 steel bar
A comparison between silica in similar inclusions from a steel ingot (isolate) and a rolled steel sheet (in situ)
A ductile iron crankshaft segment essentially free of exogenous inclusions and with numerous exogenous inclusions
A gehlenite based inclusion on the surface of cold reduced strip
A globular calcium aluminate inclusion with magnesia encapsulated in calcium sulfide
A globular calcium aluminate inclusion with magnesia encapsulated in calcium sulfide, polished microsection of cast
A slag spot defect on a cold-rolled sheet
A slag spot defect on a cold-rolled sheet
A swollen defect appeared on the deep-drawn product
Agglomeration of round silica inclusions
Al-Ca and Ca-Si-Al-Mg-Ti inclusions in steel sample
Al-Ca inclusion in SAE 4140 steel
Al203-CaS inclusion in carbon steel
Al2O3 cluster inside of bubble in ultra low carbon steel
Al2O3 inclusion at a fracture origin of a bearing steel
Al2O3 particle in microstructure of steel sample
Al2O3 x MgO x CaO inclusions in 42CrMoVNb steel
Al2O3, Al2TiO5, and Ti3O5 inclusions in Fe–Al–Ti steels
Al2O3, CaS, CaAlO3 inclusions in X-65 pipeline steel
Al2O3, MnS and CaO x Al2O3 particles seen in microstructure of steel sample
Al2O3, MnS, CA inclusions in ultra low carbon steel
Al2O3-CaO, (Mn,Ca)S, MnS, CaS inclusions in carburising steel
Al2O3-MgO inclusionin steel
Alumina and spinel in AK steel
Alumina and sulfide inclusions in 1.1191 steel
Alumina clogging deposits in Ti-alloyed ultra-low carbon steel
Alumina clusters sampled from the submerged nozzle area in the tundish
Alumina clusters with exogenous inclusions
Alumina dendirite and alumina clusters from deoxidation
Alumina inclusion found in the horizontal runner
Alumina inclusion in 16MnCr5 steel
Alumina inclusion in PM superalloy U720
Alumina inclusion in carbon steel
Alumina inclusions in X50CrMoV15 steel
Alumina inclusions in steel X20CrMoV11-1 steel
Alumina rich MnO x SiO2 x Al2O3 (corundum) inclusions along with some spinel (Al2O3 x MgO x MnO) type inclusions in tundish clog sample
Alumina-Spinel-Lime/Alumina in SUJ2 steel
Aluminium oxide inclusions in 30CrNiMo8 steel
Aluminium oxide inclusions in 30CrNiMo8 steel
Aluminium oxide inclusions in 34CrNiMo6 steel
Aluminum oxide inclusions in steel
Al–Ti–O cluster in the specimen of 6 min after ferro-titanium alloy addition in ultra low carbon steel
An example of some inclusions rich in SiO2 x 2CaO x Al2O3 (gehlenite) found after deoxidation through Al
Anorthite and galaxite in glassy matrix of calcia-alumina-silica
Anorthite in a synthetic calcia-alumina-silica slag
Anorthite in silicate matrix
Anorthite, corundum and chromium-galaxite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Anorthite, spinel and grossularite (spessartite) in steel
BOF slag
BSE image and elemental mapping of an industrial stainless steel slag
BSE image of a 52CaO-9MgO-39SiO2 slag quenched at 1460 C
BSE image of a more acidic, air cooled 36CaO-36Al2O3-18SiO2-10MgO slag
BSE image of a slag sample containing 1) liquid and spinel, 2) liquid, spinel and SiO2 and 3) eskolaite precipitates
BSE image of a worn magnesia-enriched ceramicall bonded dolomitic brick (F-627-I)
BSE image of an air cooled industrial stainless steel AOD slag
BSE image of an industrial AOD stainless steel slag stabilized with 2 wt% Na2B4O7
BSE image of as-delivered direct-bonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick
BSE image of experimental slag G
BSE image of the experimental slag
BSE image of the experimental slag solidified in air
BSE image of the experimental slag solidified in reducing conditions
BSE image of the hot face of a worn direct-bonded magnesia-chromite refractory
BSE image of the slag stabilized with 1.83 wt% B2O3
BSE image of the slag stabilized with 1.83 wt% B2O3 quenched at 1460 C
BSE images of a worn magnesia-chromite brick from row 13 in a mixed VOD ladle lining
BSE images of a worn pitch-bonded magnesia-carbon brick, schowing the overall brick structure,and silicate-based impurities in grains
BSE images of an as-delivered pitch-bonded magnesia-carbon brick (VST 320-X)
BSE images of as-delivered direct-bonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick
BSE images of deteriorated primary chromite crystals, completely deteriorated, partially reduced, three layers
BSE images of the reaction zone between Al and Fe (Al was exposed to liquid Fe containing different amounts of dissolved oxygen)
BSE images of worn ceramically-bonded magnesiadoloma refractories (F-627-I), originating from the VOD ladle slagline
BSE images of worn resin-bonded magnesia-doloma bricks (70-REK-801), originating from the bottom rows of the VOD ladle
BSE micrograph at 15 mm from the hot face of industrially worn rebonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick as recovered from the VOD ladle lining
BSE micrographs of industrially worn magnesia-chromite refractory brick reheated/quenched from 1300°C, 1400°C, 1600°C, 1700°C and 1800°C
Battleship USS Arizona
Big slag inclusion in 42CrMo4 steel
BloomeryIron – Jamestown, 17th C
Boron nitride type inclusions observed at fractured surface of the P122 steel
Bubble-shaped inclusion defects
Bubbles attached to Al2O3 inclusions in slab
CSLM observation of spherical inclusions on the surface of the (a) solid and the (b) liquid Mn-Si killed steel
Ca macro inclusion in ABNT 4133 modified steel (API 5CT)
Ca-Al Inclusions in steel sample
CaO, Al2O3, MgO and CaS inclusions in ferritic stainless steel
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the C2A2S5 (2CaO x 2Al2O3 x 5SiO2)range with double oxide of the spinel type
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the C3AS3 (3CaO x Al2O3 x 3SiO2)range with merwinite and galaxite
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the CAS2 (CaO x Al2O3 x 2SiO2)range with several oxide phases
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the CAS2-range with corundum and galaxite
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the CAS2-range with corundum and galaxite
Calcium aluminate - Wedge displacement in the steel matrix
Calcium aluminate CaO x Al2O3 and CaO x 2Al2O3
Calcium aluminate and galaxite in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate and spinel in a silicate matrix
Calcium aluminate and spinel in heavily rolled steel
Calcium aluminate entrapped in the slab after the end had come off the SEN
Calcium aluminate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate in A529 steel
Calcium aluminate in A529 steel
Calcium aluminate inclusion in 51CrV4 spring steel
Calcium aluminate inclusions with superficial layer of CaS in SAE 1015 steel
Calcium aluminate with high silica content in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate with spinel
Calcium aluminate, spinel and iron oxide
Calcium aluminates
Calcium aluminates in steel
Calcium aluminates on cold reduced sheet
Calcium aluminosilicate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminosilicate in A529 steel
Calcium silicate and corundum in 1018S steel
Calcium silicate in A529 steel
Calcium silicate in burnt dolomite bricks
Calcium silicate in magnesite bricks
Calcium silicates, rankinite and pseudo-wollastonite in a synthetic CaO-SiO2 slag
Calcium-aluminate inclusion in fracture surface of 51CrV4 steel
Calcium-aluminate inclusions in UNS G92600 spring steel
Cast defect in aluminium killed carbon steel
Casting Powder
Casting powder, chromite inclusions in rotor steel
Cavity and holes found on the steel samples
Chromite
Chromium galaxite
Chromium galaxite
Chromium galaxite
Chromium galaxite in maganese-chromium sulfide
Chromium galaxite in manganese oxide-chromia-silica
Chromium galaxite, tridymite and manganese sulfide
Circular spall in hardened steel roll
Classification of MnS inclusions in steel
Clogging
Clogging - ULC steel
Coarse size boron nitride inclusions under various heat treatments of the P122 steel
Colour interference image of the gas purging plugs
Comparison of 2D microscope and 3D SEM images of typical inclusion-related defects
Comparison of the glazed refractory samples before and after experiments
Comparison of the relative amount of inclusions as a function of the initial O content
Complex NMI in low alloy steel I
Complex inclusion containing in ferromanganese
Complex inclusion in 409L stainless steels III
Complex inclusion in AISI 316 L stainless steel
Complex inclusion in X12CrS13 steel
Complex inclusion in steel
Complex inclusions in 34CrNiMo6 steel
Complex inclusions in OH236NI steel
Complex inclusions in low carbon steel strip
Complex iron-titanium oxide in Ni-Cr-Mo steel
Complex manganese zirconium silicate macro inclusion in manganese-silicon killed carbon steel
Complex oxide inclusions in cross-section of glaze-lining sample
Conspicuous mixed inclusion in 16MnCr5 steel
Corundum and spessartite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Corundum as single-phase inclusion particles
Corundum in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Corundum in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Corundum inclusion in ferroalloy
Corundum, galaxite and mullite inclusions in the crankshaft
Cr-containing spinel particles in an air-cooled ferrochromium slag
Crack initiated from an internal inclusions in 60Si2CrV steel
Crack initiation at maganese sulphide (MnS) inclusions in bearing steel
Crack initiation from a surface inclusion, and non-propagation behaviour
Cristobalite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Cristobalite in manganese oxide-chromia-silica
Cristobalite in manganese-silicate
Cristobalite in matrix of rhodonite and rhodonite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica, surrounded by sulfide scale
Cristobalite in rhodonite in steel A529
Cristobalite in rhodonite matrix, and glassy silica in steel A529
Cross-sectional micrographs of the corrosion phases formed on the Fe-5 wt% Al alloy in the oxidizing environment
Cross-sectional secondary electron micrographs of the corrosion scale formed on the Fe-5 wt% Al alloy
Crystalline anorthite (CAS2), spessartite (Grossularite C3AS3) and galaxite from the slag lining of the ladle
Defect from runner erosion
Defects in the chromium plating of precision, mechanical and MBS tubes caused by macroscopic oxide inclusions
Defects on surface of steel strip rolled from ingot steel sliver, and (c) blisters, and pipe lamination
Deformation behaviour on MnS and Oxy-sulphides inclusions
Dendritic inclusions formed from a spherical primary silica in Fe-10% Ni alloy deoxidized with silicon
Description of sampling procedures evaluated for characterization of inclusionary material in steel
Detection of NMI in steel by CT
Development of 5 cracks, a, b, c, d and e in X-65 steel
Different inclusions in structural steel I
Diffusion bonded sponge - Hoganas Distaloy
Dolomite
Dolomite
E 45 C and D oxides in steel
EPMA analysis of inclusion stringers in failed extrusion press
Effect of B2O3 additions to a C2S containing slag
Effect of B2O3 additions to a C2S containing slag
Effect of inclusion deformation on linking between adjacent voids
Elemental maps of the entrapped material
Enstatite in glassy silicate matrix
Enstatite in glassy silicate matrix
Entrapped particles during steel casting
Escolaite and cristobalite in different types of inclusions
Escolaite in cristobalite
Escolaite in ferrochromium
Etching defects caused by macroscopic oxide inclusions in soft magnetic steel
European Helmet, 18th C
Example of a macro-inclusion on the surface of a casting
Example of fractured strips of non-metallic inclusions in steel
Example of tunnel or lap defect on rolled plate due to pickled-out silicate inclusions
Examples of NMI in 100Cr6 steel
Examples of detected bubbles in inclusions in steel
Examples of different inclusions in steel
Examples of exogenous inclusions in steel
Examples of surface defects in steels
Exogenous inclusions from lining refractory
Exogenous inclusions in deep-drawing steel
Exogenous inclusions in steel
Faceted inclusions
Failed sample of the hot extruded steel with crack developed along the extrusion axis
Fatigue crack initiation from the bottom of a surface scratch on the surface of a fatigue specimen
Fatigue fracture initiated by non-metallic inclusion in PM cold work tool steel
Fatigue fracture initiated in a spring element by macroscopic oxide inclusion located close to the surface
Fayalite and iron oxide in glassy matrix of iron silicate
Fayalite and iron oxide in iron oxide-alumina-silica
Formation of MgAl2O4 around MgO particles during the dissolution in the M24 CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slags
Forsterite and spinel in a glassy silicate matrix
Forsterite in an olivine brick
Forsterite, enstatite and chromite in olivine bricks
Fractions of the number of inclusions with BaO at various process steps
Fracture method for assessment of inclusions in steels
Fractured large furnace slag particle in cold-worked austenitic stainless steel powder
Fractures in MnS inclusion in the rolled steel
Furnace slag with the particles of chromite
Galaxite and corundum in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Galaxite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Galaxite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Generation of immiscibility gap in alumina-chromia crystals
Glassy Al2O3 (plate) inclusions found in 1018S ladle steel sample
Glassy cacium aluminate matrix with spinel
Glassy calcium silicate in austenitic stainless steel
Glassy inclusion in austenitic stainless steel
Glassy inclusion in the calcia-alumina-silica range in a rolled steel plate
Grunerite (FeSiO3) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4)
Heavy slag inclusions in central zone of bar rolled Steelmaker 4 continous-cast steel
Hematite on surface of inclusion from oxide scale
Henry Gun Factory –19th C
Hercynite and alumina in moletn Fe–Ni alloy
Hercynite in oxide scale
High alumina castables
Highly deformable MnS inclusion and non-deformable calcium aliminate inclusion
Hot shortness of the rolled billet
How clean is your steel?
Image of typical macro reoxidation inclusion in cast steel
In-situ observation of the formation of MA spinel grains in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag
Inclusion clusters and exogenous inclusions from line refractory in LCAK steel
Inclusion clusters in Al-killed steel
Inclusion clusters in fracture surface of 0.05C-1.25Mn-0.2Si-0.1Cr steel
Inclusion clusters on a bubble surface
Inclusion from the quartz lining of the casting mould
Inclusion in SAE 1005 steel
Inclusion in SAE 1010 steel
Inclusion sliver in the longitudinal section of a sheet product
Inclusion sliver in the longitudinal section of a sheet product and typical pencil blister defect on a steel sheet
Inclusions around bubble shape domain in the ingot steel and in the continuous casting steel
Inclusions attached on bubbles in a CC slab
Inclusions entrapped in the steel net form structure on the surface of SEN
Inclusions from mold flux and runner brick
Inclusions from mold flux and runner brick
Inclusions from the ferrochromium
Inclusions in 42CrMo steel
Inclusions in Degasalt sample
Inclusions in JIS SCM435 steel
Inclusions in MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 system at OLR and LF-IN
Inclusions in S355N steel
Inclusions in SAE 1010 and 1005 steels
Inclusions in as-extruded stainless steel powder compact-exogenous aluminium oxide
Inclusions in ductile cast iron in the canisters
Inclusions in fracture surfaces of SAE 4140 steel
Inclusions in melt blister and degas sample
Inclusions in refractory material
Inclusions in sword blade from Chiusi
Inclusions in the railway rail I
Inclusions in the railway rail II
Inclusions like dendrites
Inclusions outlining the former surface of bubbles captured in ingot steel
Inclusions un as extruded stainless steel powder compact-exogenous furnace slag
Inclusions with a deformability index v>1
Inclusions, rich in calcium aluminate in teh fusion line between the steel and the welding electrode
Inclusion of spinel, calcium aluminate in slag of 803J bearing steel
Indigenous and exogenous inclusions in steel
Indogenous slag in a Roman nail
Indogenous slag in wrought iron
Influence of Delta-phase on the formation of boron nitride type inclusions in P122 steels
Influence of inclusions modification on nozzle clogging
Influence of remelting, hot working and heat treatment on the formation of boron nitride inclusions in P122 steel
Influence of the cooling rate on the formation of boron nitride inclusions in P122 steel
Influence of the rolling direction on the shape of boron nitride inclusion groups in P122 steel
Iron oxide and slag inclusions in the crack in 1.2312 steel
Iron oxide in 145Cr6 steel
Iron oxide in 36MnVS4 steel
Iron oxide in 40CrMnMoS8-6 steel
Iron oxide in 86CrMoV7 steel
Iron oxide in X19CrMoVNbN11-1 steel
Iron oxide in the crack of 34CrMo4 steel
Iron oxide in the crack of St52-3N steel
Iron oxide inclusions in the failed melting pot
Iron oxide layer in 30CrMoV9 steel
Iron oxide scale in 30CrMoV9 steel
Iron oxide scale in AISI D2 steel
Iron phospide in pearlitic grey cast iron
Iron sulfide precipitated from (Mn,Fe)S in a synthetic sulfide
Japanese Helmet, 17th C
Laboratory trials Ladle glaze formation - MgO-rod immersion
Ladle sand buildup block
Large alumina refractory pieces in carbon steel
Large macro inclusion in 32CrMoV12-10 steel
Large mullite-sillimanite inclusion of exogenous origin
Large nonmetallic inclusions found in the forged ingot
Large sized non-metallic inclusions in subsurface specimens of IF steel
Large slag line in 1.5919 steel
Line defect in rolled steel sheet
Line scan analysis of reaction layer of the CaO-Al2O3
Line scans and X-ray mapping data for industrially worn rebonded magnesia-chromite refractory, quenched from 1800°C
Line shell defects on stainless flat-rolled product from ingot
Long alumina inclusion in 50CrMoV13-1 steel
Low-quartz, cristobalite, and chromium galaxite
Macro MnS inclusions in 100CrMo7 bearing steel
Macro and micro inclusion population on the same specimen
Macro and micro inclusion population on the same specimen
Macro inclusion 42CrMo4 steel
Macro inclusion atlas
Macro inclusion in 21NiCrMo2 steel
Macro inclusion in 50CrMoV13-1 steel
Macro inclusion in 50CrMoV13-1 steel
Macro inclusion in 90MnCrV8 steel
Macro inclusion in AISI 4340 steel
Macro inclusion in carbon steel casting
Macro inclusion in carbon steel casting
Macro inclusion in low carbon steel
Macro inclusion in stainless steel
Macro inclusion in stainless steel casting
Macro inclusion in the DRD-can
Macro inclusion types detected in (Si-killed) steel
Macro inclusions in 32CrMoV12-10 steel
Macro inclusions in 42CrMoS4 steel
Macro inclusions in X20CrMoV11-1 steel
Macro inclusions in flange of the plug in module of LHC magnet interconnection
Macro inclusions in manganese silicon killed carbon steel
Macro inclusions in special steel
Macro inclusions in stainless steel casting
Macro inclusions in stainless steel casting
Macro inclusions observed under optical microscope
Macro inlusions in carbon steel
Macro non-metallic inclusions in steel slab
Macro slag inclusion in 51CrV4 steel
Macro slag inclusion in AISI S7 steel
Macro slag inclusion in St52-3N steel
Macro slag inclusion in carbon steel
Macro slag inclusion in carbon steel
Macro-inclusions in steel ingot wth 0.3% C
Macro-structure of inclusions and frozen steel in the clogging material of a SEN
Macroscopic inclusions in X2CrNiMo18-14-3 stainless steels
Macroscopic oxide inclusion as the cause of a defective pattern on a calendering roll for embossing of paper surfaces
Manganese selenides in type 303Se stainless steel
Manganese silicates in low carbon Si-killed steel
Manganese sulfide in free-machining steel
Manganese sulfide in type 303 stainless steel
Manganese sulfide inclusions in 0.37C-0.56Si-1.45Mn steel
Manganese sulfide inclusions in pipeline steel
Manganese sulfides in AISI 416 stainless steel
Manganese sulfides in type 203 stainless steel
Manganese sulfides in type 416 and 5F (modified 416) stainless steels
Manganese sulfides in type 416 stainless steel
Manganese sulfides in types 203 resulfurized austenitic grade
Manganese sulfides in types 303 resulfurized austenitic grade
Manganosite
Manganosite and iron oxide
Manganosite in manganese-iron-silicate
Mapping images of a calcium aluminate inclusion bearing a spinel island
Mg-spinel in calcium aluminate
MgO x Al2O3 inclusion od the strip surface of stainless steel
MgO x Al2O3 spinel formed in the slag/metal interface of SUJ2 steel
Micrographs of inclusions observed in fractured steel
Microphotograph of a typical inclusion after vacuum degassing
Microstructure of AOD slag A
Microstructure of CaSi ferroalloy
Microstructure of EAF slag B and C
Microstructure of the refractory/steel interface in a bottom-pour runner sample from K1040-type steel
Mn-Si-O inclusions in X65 pipeline steel
Mn-anorthite, corundum, galaxite and spessartite
MnO x SiO2 x Al2O3 inclusion in high carbon wire rod steel
MnS and Al2O3 inclusions in A533B pressure vessel steel
MnS and Ca-Si-Ti-Al inclusions in AISI 316 steel
MnS and corundum in duplex in rolled steel
MnS and corundum in ingot
MnS and silicate in duplex in rolled steel
MnS in free-machining steel
MnS inclusions in AISI 12L14(JIS SUM24L) steel
MnS inclusions in ASTM A533 GrB (UNS K12539) low-alloy steel
MnS inclusions in GS-38 steel
MnS inclusions in JIS SUM23 steel
MnS inclusions in SAE 4140 steel III
MnS inclusions in austenitic stainless steel II
MnS inclusions in fracture surface of the Hull steel of RMS Titanic
MnS inclusions in grade-X steel
MnS inclusions in implant quality 316L stainless steel
MnS inclusions in steel with Sn and Cu IV
MnS inclusions in steels with different Mo content
MnS inclusions in the Hull steel of RMS Titanic
MnS inclusions in type 403 martensitic stainless steel
MnS inclusions of type I
MnS inclusions, alumina cluster and calcium inclusions in CON and CaT steels
MnS non-metallic inclusions 42CrMo4 steel
MnS non-metallic inclusions in 13HMF and 316L steels
MnS plates in a rolled plate
MnS stability at heat treatment
MnS stringers in a rolled bar
MnS transformation at high temperature
MnS, Al2O3 x CaO inclusions in steel of San Francisco-Oakland Bay bridge
MnS, Al2O3, nitride inclusions in G42CrMo4 cast steel
Morphology of alumina inclusions generated during deoxidation of low-carbon Al-killed steels
Morphology of lump pure alumina inclusions
Mould fluxes and alumina stringers in blister sample
Mould powder in 10CrMo9-10 steel
Mould powder in AISI D2 steel
Mould powder inclusion in 1.4938 steel
Mould powder inclusion in 86CrMoV7 steel
Mould powder inclusion in AISI O1 steel
Mould slag in steel
Mould-steel interface in the continuous casting of steel
Mullite and corundom in glassy maganese oxide-alumina-silica
Mullite and corundum in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Mullite and spessartite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Mullite in synthetic slag
Multiphase inclusions in a Ce containing steel
NMI in 415-ton forged backup roll
NMI in 42CrMo4 and 157C steels
NMI in 4LR60 stainless austenitic and Sandwik SANMAC 220 steels - Appearance
NMI in 4LR60 stainless austenitic and Sandwik SANMAC 220 steels - Aspect ratio
NMI in 4LR60 stainless austenitic and Sandwik SANMAC 220 steels - Comparison of investigation methods
NMI in 4LR60 stainless austenitic and Sandwik SANMAC 220 steels - Occurrence of different non-metallic inclusions
NMI in Ni-based alloy 825
NMI in SAE 4145 steel
NMI in carburizing 20NiCrMo steel
NMI in ferroalloy FeTi70R
NMI in high-speeed steels (I10CR8DV, I8CR10D)
NMI in steel from Ternium Siderar
NMI on the barrel roll surface
Non-metallic inclusion in low alloyed cold working tool steel
Non-metallic inclusions in 34CrMo4 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in 5% Cr steel
Non-metallic inclusions in FeNb alloy
Non-metallic inclusions in LCFeCr alloy
Non-metallic inclusions in Orvar 2M steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in spring steel
Non-metallic inclusions in teel grade B - SSAB during ladle treatment
Nonmetallic inclusions in barrel of Japanese matchlock gun fabricated in the Edo period
Nonmetallic inclusions in the 4J43 alloy
Nozzle clogging
Nozzle clogging & corrosion
Olivine Sand
Optical micrographs and corresponding XRD pattern (white crystals) of EAF
Optical microscope images of inclusion AISI 8620 carburizing steel
Optical microscope images of the same inclusion as in Fig. of inclusion No. 1279 and of another inclusion in the same cast
Origin of macro inclusion types in (Si-killed bearing) steel
Other complex oxides in steel
Overview of the Al and Fe side of the sample cross section after contacting Fe with a piece of Al
Overview of the Al and Fe side of the sample cross section after contacting Fe with a piece of Al
Overview of the Fe/Fe-Al diffusion front showing the ‘precipitate-free’ free zone
Overview of the Fe/Fe–Al diffusion front showing the precipitate-free zone (Al was exposed to liquid Fe containing different amounts of dissolved oxygen))
Overview of the cross section of sample after contacting Fe with a piece of Al
Oxide and slag in 41CrAlNi7 steel
Oxide film in ductile cast iron in the canisters
Oxide inclusion in 34CrNiMo6 steel
Oxide inclusion in 42CrMoS4 steel
Oxide inclusion in X20CrMoV11-1 steel
Oxide inclusion in X39CrMo17-1 steel
Oxide inclusion in X40CrMoV51 steel
Oxide inclusions in 0.041C-12.71Cr-3.70Ni-0.59% Mo steel
Oxide inclusions in 1.0330 steel
Oxide inclusions in LCAK steel
Oxide inclusions in X46Cr13 steel
Oxide inclusions in low carbon Si-killed steel
Oxide inclusions in manganese steel
Oxide inclusions in pipeline steel
Oxide inclusions in ultrahigh strength AISI 4340, 65Si2MnWE, Aermet 100, 60Si2CrVA steels
Oxide layer at the MgO-C/steel interface
Oxide phase on the fracture surface of X20CrMoV11-1 steel
Oxide scale in HSM coil
Oxide scale in X45NiCrMo4 steel
Oxide stringers in high carbon wire rod steel
Oxisulfide inclusion in 0.5Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V steel
Oxy-sulfides and sulfides inclusions in rolled industrial steel
Palm House, Kew Gardens –19th C
Periclase and magnesium ferrite in magnesite brick containing iron
Periclase in burnt magnesite
Periclase, calcia, calcium ferrite and silicate in burnt dolomite
Phases in refractory materials
Phases in stainless steel slag
Phases of MgO, 2CaO x SiO2 and 3CaO x Al2O3 in slag
Phosphide eutectic at triple grain boundaries in austenitic manganese steel
Phosphide eutectic in Fe-30Mn-9Al-1Si-0.9C-0.5Mo steel
Phosphide eutectic in austenitic manganese steel
Point analyses along a line from the reaction layer between Al2O3 and CaO temperature range 1350-1405°C
Presence of a non-metallic inclusion in SS alloy
Quartz and cristobalite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina
Reaction zone between molten steel and chamotte quartz, mullite, corundum, and glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Reactions between CaO and Al2O3 powders
Refractory macro inclusions in carbon steel
Removal of MnS inclusions in molten steel using electropulsing
Reoxidation
Reoxidation inclusion cut from a steel casting
Rhodonite (after rolling) in A529 steel
Rhodonite in A529 steel
Rhodonite in fracture surface of A529 steel
Rhodonite, low quartz, tridymite and glassy silica in A529 steel
Rhodonite, tridymite and manganese sulfide
Roman Nail, Broken Below Head -Vicenza, Italy
Runner/Trumpet Refractory
Rust layer in Ca-modified weathering steel
Rust scale on the steel surface of 1.2343 steel
SEM Fig. of fatique failure initiated at an inclusion
SEM Fig. of stringer phase in ORVAR 2M steel
SEM cross section image of quenched Ti3O5 crucible coexisting with liquid Fe–17.72 mass% Ni – 0.266 mass% Ti at 1873 K
SEM micrographs of virgin and industrially worn rebonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick reheated/cooled from 1750°C
SEM observation of (a) inclusion particle at the surface of the steel without slag and (b) a inclusion particle at the interface of the steel and slag
SEM observation of alumina inclusions at the interface of the steel and slag
SEM photomicrographs of the alumina substrate after the sessile-drop experiments at 1823 K and oxygen partial pressure
SEM picture of MgO dipped in slag showing FeO x MgO surrounding MgO
SEM picture of MgO showing slag penetration into the particle
SEM picture of dolomite dipped into slag showing no slag penetration and CaO being leached away
SEM picture showing MgO grains from dolomite dissolving in slag
SEM-BSE image of a worn MgO-C brick from the ladle slag lining
Sampling of liquid steel
Sand grain inclusions in grey cast iron I
Sand grain inclusions in grey cast iron II
Sand inclusion in grey iron casting
Scale on steel - different iron oxides
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the rapidly cooled BOF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the semi-rapidly cooled BOF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the semi-rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the semi-rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph of rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph of rapidly cooled ladle slag
Scanning electron micrograph of the rapidly cooled BOF slag
Scanning electron micrograph of the semi-rapidly cooled BOF slag
Semi-cluster type microinclusions in steel
Sequence of CSLM images of the long-distance attraction between an agglomerate and a small inclusion on the surface the steel during melting
Sharpened slag line in 1.8519 steel
SiO2 inclusions in X46Cr13 steel
Silica based inclusions in steel
Silicate inclusions in 0.21C-0.20Si-0.79Mn steel
Silicate inclusions in steel
Silicate slag in a cross-section of a RMS Titanic hull rivet
Silver defect on the strip of 304 stainless steel
Silver defects in stainless steel
Single-phase rhodonite
Site of inclusion dissolution to produce crack like feature at loading to one-third yield strength in X-65 pipeline steel
Slag and iron oxide in 41CrAlNi7 steel
Slag and iron oxide in 41CrAlNi7 steel
Slag cluster in grey cast iron
Slag formation and blockage of the argon channel
Slag from different iron oxides from oxide scale
Slag in a fractured 17th C Japanese helmut
Slag in iron
Slag inclusion in 1.3302 steel
Slag inclusion in 1.3343 steel
Slag inclusion in 1.7225 steel
Slag inclusion in 142W13 steel
Slag inclusion in 20Mn6 steel
Slag inclusion in 30CrNiMo8 steel
Slag inclusion in 40CrMnMo7 steel
Slag inclusion in 40CrMnMoS8-6 steel
Slag inclusion in 40CrMnMoS8-6 steel
Slag inclusion in 50CrMoV13-1 steel
Slag inclusion in 86CrMoV7 steel
Slag inclusion in 90MnCrV8 steel
Slag inclusion in 9SMn28 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI A2 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D2 Steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D2 Steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D2 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D2 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D3 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI H13 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI O2 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI T42 steel
Slag inclusion in Ck45 steel
Slag inclusion in M2 steel
Slag inclusion in X100CrMoV5 steel
Slag inclusion in X12CrS13 steel
Slag inclusion in X19NiCrMo4 steel
Slag inclusion in X20Cr13 steel
Slag inclusion in X20Cr13 steel
Slag inclusion in X20Cr13 steel
Slag inclusion in X38CrMoV5-1 steel
Slag inclusion in X40CrMoV51 steel
Slag inclusion in X5CrNiCuNb16-4 steel
Slag inclusion in alloyed carbon steel
Slag inclusion in high speed steel 1.53C-4.90Cr-6.50V-4.90Co
Slag inclusion in steel
Slag inclusion in steel Mat. No. 1.3346
Slag inclusion in steel X46Cr13 steel
Slag inclusions and oxide film in ductile cast iron in the canisters
Slag inclusions in 40CrMnMoS8-6 steel
Slag inclusions in GX2CrNiMo18-14-3 cast steel
Slag inclusions in GX3CrNiMoN17-13-5 cast steel
Slag inclusions in X12Cr13 steel
Slag inclusions in X19NiCrMo4 steel
Slag inclusions in ladle steel extracted by Slime method
Slag inclusions in wrought iron
Slag sample showing Sn veins
Slag spots on a cold-rolled sheet
Slag stringers in forged wrought steel
Slag under the surface in 1.4105 steel
Slag under the surface in 1.4301 steel
Slag under the surface in 1.7707 steel
Slags and titanium carbides in 1.4872 steel
Slightly transparent MnS in steel bar
Spessartite and corundom in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Spessartite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Spessartite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Spheroidisation of dendrites in a sample taken a few minutes after deoxidation
Spinel and calcium aluminate
Spinel and corundum in calcia-alumina-silica
Spinel in calcium aluminate
Spinel in calcium aluminate
Spinel in calcium aluminate
Spinel in glassy silicate matrix
Spinel inclusions in 430 stainless steel
Spinel inclusions in type 304 stainless steel
Spinel phase in super cooled oxide solution of slag sample
Spinel, CA (Ca-Al) inclusions, oxide scale in HSM coil
Spinel, Ca-aluminate and oldhamite in cast steel
Standards for determining steel cleanliness
Steadite in pearlitic grey cast iron
Steelmaking slag
Stringer-like inclusion found at fatigue initiation site in tool steel
Stringers of aluminate inclusions in manganese steel
Strong slag line in 1.3520 steel
Strong slag line in 1.4718 steel
Subsurface failure under axial loading of a cross-rolled, medium carbon steel at Al2O3 inclusion
Sulfide and alumina inclusions in AISI A2 steel
Sulfide and oxide inclusions in broken bolt
Sulfide and small globular oxide inclusions in 16MnCr5 steel
Sulfide inclusions in 1.0037 steel
Sulfide inclusions in 42CrMo4 steel
Sulfide inclusions in 50CrMoV13-1 steel
Sulfide inclusions in AISI 12L14 steel
Sulfide inclusions in SAE 4140 steel
Sulfide inclusions in X12Cr13 steel
Sulfide inclusions in X30Cr13 steel
Sulfide inclusions in pipeline steel
Sulfide inclusions in steel
Sulfide inclusions in steel
Sulfide stringers in 1.7225 steel
Sulfides and slag in wrought iron
Sulfides in wrought steels
Sulfides in wrought steels
Sulfides, oxides and oxisulphides in cast steel
Sulfur printing (Baumann's method)
Synthetic slag
Synthetic slag - Hercynite
Telluride inclusions in steel
Tephroite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
The SEM/EDS elemental mapping of the hot face at the MgO–C surface after the test with Slag C
The cross section view of the interfaces of Al2O3-CaO and the line scan results of Ca and Al
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag 1
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag B
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag C
The hot face obtained from the test of the MgO–C refractory with slag B
The hot face obtained from the test of the ZrO2–C refractory with slag C
The photomicrograph of the glaze sample
The reaction zone between burnt dolomite and Al2O3
The cross section of a sample taken in the slag line of 803J bearing steel
Thin alumina inclusions in 1.7225 steel
TiO2 in X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 steel
TiOx-Al2O3 cluster inclusions in ULC, LC steels
Traces of slag on the fracture surface in AISI D2 steel
Transformation of a steel inclusion in situ as a result of heat treatmnet of steel I
Transformation of a steel inclusion in situ as a result of heat treatmnet of steel II
Transformation of a steel inclusion in situ as a result of heat treatmnet of steel III
Tridymite, chromium-galaxite and manganese sulfide
Tridymite, quartz, and chromium-galaxite
Two complex exogenous inclusions in steel
Two phase inclusions in sword blade from Vetulonia
Type 8 inclusion in steel with 0.38C-5.29Cr-0.94V
Type C1 inclusion in Orvar 2M steel
Type C2 inclusion in Orvar 2M steel
Type I, II and III MnS inclusions in steel
Type-8 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Types A and B observed in the steel samples od ORVAR 2M before uphill casting
Typical deformed inclusion observed in the as-hot sample on the perpendicular cross section of 304 stainless steel
Typical exogenous inclusions in steel
Typical pencil blister defect on the surface of a sheet
Typical spherical and irregular particles found in MCP (Metal-Cap-Protected) samples
Uniform TiOx x Al2O3 phase in Al–Ti–O cluster and irregular TiOx x Al2O3 phase with hollow holes in ultra low carbon steel
Variation in charging with image type - Exogenous inclusion
Void development around the spherical and elongated sulfide inclusions in steel
Wustite and fayalite in glassy matrix of iron silicate
Wustite and magnetite containing manganese oxide
Wustite, magnetite and iron silicates
Wustite, magnetite, and manganese silicate
X-ray maps of inclusions in ductile cast iron in the canisters
XRD pattern of the reference slag
ZrO2 inclusions in roller-bearing of 100Cr6 steel