Refractory Inclusions

(Si,Ca,Mn,Al)O, (Si,Ca,Al)O, (Si,Mn)O, (Si,Ca,Al)O, (Si,Ca,Mg)O inclusions in tire cord steel
2D diffraction image and XRD patterns of macro-inclusions in steel ingot wth 0.3% C
A cluster of aluminate inclusions in as-cast P20 tool steel
A ductile iron crankshaft segment essentially free of exogenous inclusions and with numerous exogenous inclusions
Absorption of non-metallic inclusions by steelmaking slags
Advanced SEM methodology for tracking reoxidation in the tundish
Al2O3 dendrite in steel
Al2O3 inclusion in SCM415 steel
Al2O3, Al2O3 x MgO, CaO inclusions in steel
Al2O3, Al2O3 x MgO, MnS inclusions in C45 steel
Al2O3–SiO2–CaO–MnO–MgO–FeO inclusions in silicon-killed SAE 1005 steel
Alumina clogging deposits in Ti-alloyed ultra-low carbon steel
Alumina inclusion found in the horizontal runner
Alumina inclusions in 1018S steel
Aspex images of MnS, alumina, and CA inclusions in steel
Automated non-metallic inclusion analysis in the three plants
Automatic analysis of non-metallic inclusions in steel using SEM-EDS
BSE image of a worn magnesia-enriched ceramicall bonded dolomitic brick (F-627-I)
BSE image of as-delivered direct-bonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick
BSE image of the hot face of a worn direct-bonded magnesia-chromite refractory
BSE images (JEOL 733) of given samples, showing hot faces
BSE images of a worn magnesia-chromite brick from row 13 in a mixed VOD ladle lining
BSE images of a worn pitch-bonded magnesia-carbon brick, schowing the overall brick structure,and silicate-based impurities in grains
BSE images of an as-delivered pitch-bonded magnesia-carbon brick (VST 320-X)
BSE images of as-delivered direct-bonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick
BSE images of deteriorated primary chromite crystals, completely deteriorated, partially reduced, three layers
BSE images of worn ceramically-bonded magnesiadoloma refractories (F-627-I), originating from the VOD ladle slagline
BSE images of worn resin-bonded magnesia-doloma bricks (70-REK-801), originating from the bottom rows of the VOD ladle
BSE micrograph at 15 mm from the hot face of industrially worn rebonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick as recovered from the VOD ladle lining
BSE micrographs of industrially worn magnesia-chromite refractory brick reheated/quenched from 1300°C, 1400°C, 1600°C, 1700°C and 1800°C
Back scattered electron image of MnAl2O4 in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of MnO in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of MnS and SiO2 (tridymite) in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of SiO2 (cristobalite) in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of SiO2 (tridymite) and MnSiO3 in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of compound A and Mn2SiO4 in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
CL photomicrographs of glass stones (defects)
CL photomicrographs of synthetic CaO-MgO-SiO2 steel slag
CL photomicrographs of spinel added and spinel forming castable monolithic refractories
CL photomicrographs of submerged entry nozzles (SENs)
CL photomicrographs of tundish veneer and coatings
CL spectra of MgO, MgO x Al2O3, Al2O3, Al2SiO5 and ZrO2
CSLM image of Al2O3 particle dissolution in various molten slags at 1550°C
CSLM image of MgO particle dissolution in various molten slags at 1550°C
Ca inclusions in Ca treated steel
Ca inclusions in aluminum killed steels (LCAK)
CaO x Al2O3 inclusions - Automatic SEM/EDS analysis
CaO·2Al2O3 + MgO, CaO·6Al2O3 + MgO inclusions in 22GYu, 10G2FB, 09GSF steels
CaS, MnS, Al2O3, SiO2, Al2O3-SiO2, Al2O3-MgO, Al2O3-CaO, Na-K inclusions in medium carbon steel
Calcium aluminate and manganese sulfide in the resulphurised steel
Calcium aluminate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate in A529 steel
Calcium aluminate inclusion in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminosilicate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminosilicate in A529 steel
Calcium silicate in burnt dolomite bricks
Calcium silicate in magnesite bricks
Ce inclusions in 25Cr-20Ni steel
Characterization of inclusions
Clogging - ULC steel
Clogging mechanisms - Experimental
Clogging mechanisms - Theoretical
Comparison between inclusions in molten steel obtained at 3 min and 18 min after the addition of aluminum
Comparison of the glazed refractory samples
Comparison of the glazed refractory samples before and after experiments
Complex NMI in low alloy steel I
Complex NMI in low alloy steel II
Complex inclusion in steel
Complex inclusions in FV520B steel
Complex oxide inclusions in cross-section of glaze-lining sample
Defect from runner erosion
Dendrites in clogging deposit
Dolomite
Dolomite
EDS X-ray maps of class A and class B inclusions in steel
EDS analyses of steel-refractory interaction layer in the steel runner
EPMA images of reacted layer in ZrO2-Al2O3 refractory
EPMA mapping images of the glazed refractories after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel
Effect of calcium treatment on non-metallic inclusions
Effect of the contact nature between the gunning materials and steel on the interactions at the interface
Example of a nozzle free from the non-metallic inclusions and an example of a clogged nozzle
Exogenous inclusions from lining refractory
Exogenous inclusions in deep-drawing steel
Figs. of the horizontal runner
Formation of MgAl2O4 around MgO particles during the dissolution in the M24 CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slags
Forsterite and spinel in a glassy silicate matrix
Forsterite in an olivine brick
Forsterite, enstatite and chromite in olivine bricks
Glaze (Reaction product of slag and refractory)
Glazed Refractory
High alumina castables
Inclusion clusters and exogenous inclusions from line refractory in LCAK steel
Inclusion clusters on a bubble surface
Inclusion from the quartz lining of the casting mould
Inclusions entrapped in the steel net form structure on the surface of SEN
Inclusions in AISI 1536 steel
Inclusions in AISI 316 steel
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous aluminium-calcium silicate
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous aluminium-calcium silicate
Inclusions in refractory material
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-exogenous oxide with precipitated sulfide
Indigenous and exogenous inclusions in steel
Influence of inclusions modification on nozzle clogging
JEOL Superprobe images of the inner core of a (hot face) primary chromite crystal showing small metal-like particles
Laboratory trials Ladle glaze formation - MgO-rod immersion
Large alumina refractory pieces in carbon steel
Line scans and X-ray mapping data for industrially worn rebonded magnesia-chromite refractory, quenched from 1800°C
Macro inclusions in special steel
Macro inclusions in stainless steel casting
Macro inlusions in carbon steel
Macro non-metallic inclusions in steel slab
Macro-inclusions in steel ingot wth 0.3% C
Manganese sulfides in AISI 416 stainless steel
Mg0 x Al2O3 x SiO2 x FeO inclusions in experimental steel
MgO x Al2O3 inclusion od the strip surface of stainless steel
MgO, Al2O3, CaO, CaS inclusions in ultra low carbon steel
MgO-Al2O3-CaS inclusions in 44MnSiVS6 steel
Microstructure of the refractory/steel interface in a bottom-pour runner sample from K1040-type steel
Morphology of clog deposits in tundish nozzle plug
NMI in 415-ton forged backup roll
NMI in ESR AISI H11 hot work tool steel
NMI in vacuum degassed 38MnS6 steel
NMI on the barrel roll surface
Non-metallic inclusion distribution in centrifugally cast steel products
Non-metallic inclusions in Corus and Uddeholm steels
Non-metallic inclusions in H13 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in REM treated stainless steels
Non-metallic inclusions in Ultra low carbon steel and IF steels
Non-metallic inclusions in clean steels
Non-metallic inclusions in fracture surfaces of cast steel
Non-metallic inclusions in line pipe steel
Non-metallic inclusions in nitriding steel
Oxide inclusions in LCAK steel
Oxide layer at the MgO-C/steel interface
Periclase and magnesium ferrite in magnesite brick containing iron
Periclase in burnt magnesite
Periclase, calcia, calcium ferrite and silicate in burnt dolomite
Phases in refractory materials
Phases of MgO, 2CaO x SiO2 and 3CaO x Al2O3 in slag
Photo images of glazed refractories after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel
Piece of clogging deposit
Piece of clogging deposit
Plate-like clusters in clogging deposit
RH vessel refractory
Refractory Finger tests at 1600 C
Refractory macro inclusions in carbon steel
Refractory – Liquid Inclusion Interactions
Removal of MnS inclusions in molten steel using electropulsing
Rhodonite and cristobalite in A529 steel
Runner/Trumpet Refractory
SEM and EPMA analysis of C2 (95% reduction) inclusion in X-70 pipeline steel
SEM image and EPMA analysis of Al2O3 particle dissolution in various molten slags at 1550°C
SEM image and EPMA analysis of MgO particle dissolution in various molten slags at 1550°C
SEM image of accretion in Al deoxidized 430 steel
SEM images for the glazed refractories after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel
SEM images of the glazed refractory after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel (1 min reaction)
SEM images of the glazed refractory after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel (30 min reaction)
SEM images of the glazed refractory after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel (5 min reaction)
SEM micrograph along with the element mappings of the surface area of the used runner
SEM micrograph of the alumina rod treated in oxygen partial pressure
SEM micrographs of virgin and industrially worn rebonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick reheated/cooled from 1750°C
SEM photomicrograph of a possible inclusion with spinel phase and calcium aluminate phase
SEM picture and mapping results of glazed refractory sample
SEM picture of MgO dipped in slag showing FeO x MgO surrounding MgO
SEM picture of MgO showing slag penetration into the particle
SEM picture of dolomite dipped into slag showing no slag penetration and CaO being leached away
SEM picture showing MgO grains from dolomite dissolving in slag
SEM pictures of glazed refractory samples
SEM-BSE image of a worn MgO-C brick from the ladle slag lining
Schematic diagram for dissolution mechanism of MgO and Al2O3 in molten slags
SiMn alloy
Slag formation and blockage of the argon channel
Slag inclusions in refractory
Slag inclusions in wrought iron
Source of the macro inclusions in the ingot bottom teeming system
Spinel inclusions in 430 stainless steel
Steel infiltration in resin-bonded magnesia-doloma bricks (70-REK-801) applied in the bottom rows of the VOD ladle
Steel samples taken from different positions in the horizontal runner
Sulfide inclusions Type I, II and III after deoxidation in steel
The SEM/EDS elemental mapping of the hot face at the MgO–C surface after the test with Slag C
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag 1
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag A
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag B
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag C
The hot face obtained from the test of the MgO–C refractory with slag B
The hot face obtained from the test of the MgO–C refractory with slag C
The hot face obtained from the test of the ZrO2–C refractory with slag B
The hot face obtained from the test of the ZrO2–C refractory with slag C
The inner surface of the SEN
The photomicrograph of the glaze sample
The surface after casting of Nimax and centre stone before casting of Nimax steel
The surface of a fresh fault of an unused aluminium oxide refractory and an aluminium oxide particle found in the steel sample
The cross section of a sample taken in the slag line of 803J bearing steel
Two complex exogenous inclusions in steel
Types A and B observed in the steel samples od ORVAR 2M before uphill casting
Typical exogenous inclusions in steel
Typical inclusions observed by microscope in the ladle, tundish, mold, and slab in Baosteel
Typical micro-inclusions in the tundish and billet
Typical non-metallic inclusions observed in the molten steel after reaction with the glazed refractory
Typical slag inclusions in steel ingot
Untreated spinel inclusions in aluminium-killed low carbon steel
Variation of particle size of Al2O3 and MgO during the dissolution in various CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slags with dissolution time at 1550°C (CSLM images)
X-ray images of MgO-C refractory/slag interface
X-ray images of MgO-C refractory/slag interface
X-ray images of doloma-carbon refractory/slag interface
X-ray images of magnesia/doloma refractory/slag interface
X-ray maps for inclusions that consist of Mg, Al and O
Y2O3, YN, (Al,Mn)O, MnS inclusions in AISI 304 stainless steel
Zirconia graphite (ZrO2-C) submerged entry nozzle (SEN)

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