Oxide Inclusions

(Ce, La)S inclusion in TRIP steel
(Ce,La)S, (Al,Ce,La)2O3 inclusions in C-Mn-Si steel with Nb and Ti
(Fe, Cr)3O4 spinel layer on Fe–10Cr alloy
(Fe, Mn)S, Al2O3, Ce2O3 inclusions in cast hot work tool steel
(Fe,Mn)S inclusions in ASTM A504 rail steel
(Mn,La)S inclusions in ASTM A216 steel
(Mn0.9Ti0.1)S, (Ce, La)S, (Al, Ce, La)2O3, Ti(C,N) inclusions in C–Mn–Si steel
(Si,Ca,Mn,Al)O, (Si,Ca,Al)O, (Si,Mn)O, (Si,Ca,Al)O, (Si,Ca,Mg)O inclusions in tire cord steel
(Ti, Ca)-oxide in 409L stainless steel
(Ti,Ca)-oxides and Ti-nitrides in 409L stainless steels I
(Ti,Ca)-oxides and Ti-nitrides in 409L stainless steels II
(Ti,Cr)2O3, Ti-Si-Cr-(Al-Mn-O), MgAl2O4-TiOx, TiN inclusions in ferritic stainless steel
(Ti,Mn,Si,Mg)O, (Ce,Ti)x and TiN, Al2O3, (Al,Mg)O+(Ti,Nb)C+MnS, MnS inclusions in steel
25MnCrSiVB6 steel
280M and 280R steels
2Al2O3-MgO-CaS inclusion in structural steel
2D diffraction image and XRD patterns of macro-inclusions in steel ingot wth 0.3% C
316Ca and 316R steels
3D MnS inclusions in 42CrMo4 steel
3D non-metallic inclusion morphology observed in deep etched steels
A MnO/TiO2/Al2O3 complex inclusion in SUS 304 stainless steel
A SEM image of a fatigue crack initiating aluminium oxide inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a fatigue crack initiating aluminium oxide inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical large cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical large cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A SEM image of a typical large cracked globular calcium aluminate inclusion on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A backscattering SEM image of a typical large globular calcium aluminate inclusion with magnesia encapsulated in calcium sulfide on the fracture surface of a fatigue specimen
A big slag inclusion in AISI 1040 steel bar
A cluster of aluminate inclusions in as-cast P20 tool steel
A cluster partially built up by dendrites in tundish and clusters from clogging material
A comparison between silica in similar inclusions from a steel ingot (isolate) and a rolled steel sheet (in situ)
A ductile iron crankshaft segment essentially free of exogenous inclusions and with numerous exogenous inclusions
A gehlenite based inclusion on the surface of cold reduced strip
A globular calcium aluminate inclusion with magnesia encapsulated in calcium sulfide
A globular calcium aluminate inclusion with magnesia encapsulated in calcium sulfide, polished microsection of cast
A large faceted and a number of small spherical aluminium oxide particles on top of a polycarbonate membrane
A longitudinal section of the immersed nozzle after casting 430 stainless steel deoxidized with Al
A scratch on the surface of a hot rolled coil-alumina inclusions
A slag spot and sliver defects on a cold-rolled sheet
A slag spot defect on a cold-rolled sheet
A slag spot defect on a cold-rolled sheet
A swollen defect appeared on the deep-drawn product
A typical calcium aluminate inclusion surrounded with a CaS ring observed in a high carbon Si killed low aluminum steel
A typical partial modified Al2O3 inclusion in Ca treated Al-killed steels
A typical topography of Al2O3 inclusions in steel
Absorption of non-metallic inclusions by steelmaking slags
Accicular aluminate crystals in a light-grey matrix
Advanced SEM methodology for tracking reoxidation in the tundish
Agglomeration of round silica inclusions
Agglomeration of silica inclusions in an 80-kg ingot
Agglomeration of small polyhedral particles may lead to the formation of large aggregates and, after sintering, to large polyhedra in steels
Aggregates of Al2O3 inclusions in steel
Aggregates, dendritic and plate-like clusters near the surface of the final sample
Al Ca and Zr distributions in an inclusion of a sample extracted from a liquid pool deoxidized with "hypercal"
Al inclusions observed after Ti alloying
Al oxide, Ti-Al oxide, TiN, Al-Mg oxide inclusions in low carbon steel
Al oxide, TiN, Al-Mg oxide inclusions in steel
Al, Ca and Ce distribution in an inclusion of a sample extracted from the liquid pool by a quartz tube containing a RE-wire
Al, Ca, Ce and La distributions in a liquid pool CaSi deoxidized
Al, Ca, Mg and Si oxides in tool steel
Al, Ca, Si, Mn, O and S inclusions in HSLA steel
Al-Ca inclusion in SAE 4140 steel
Al-Ca inclusion in carbon steel (rotative bending)
Al-Ca oxide inclusion in line pipe steel
Al-Ca oxide inclusion in line pipe steel
Al-Si-Ca-Mn-Fe inclusion in ASTM A36 steel
Al-oxide and Y-oxide inclusions in SOC-9 and SOC-14 steels
Al-rich oxides and titanium nitrides in IF steels
Al-silicate inclusion in 4340 ESR ingot
Al203-CaS inclusion in carbon steel
Al2O3 + MnS + TiN inclusions in low alloy steel I
Al2O3 + MnS + TiN inclusions in low alloy steel II
Al2O3 - Sharp-edged lamelliform non-metallic inclusions
Al2O3 and TiN inclusions in spring steel
Al2O3 cluster inclusions in LCAK steel
Al2O3 cluster inside of bubble in ultra low carbon steel
Al2O3 clusters in steel
Al2O3 dendrite in steel
Al2O3 in aluminium killed steel
Al2O3 inclusion at a fracture origin of a bearing steel
Al2O3 inclusion in LCAK steel
Al2O3 inclusion in SCM415 steel
Al2O3 inclusion in steel
Al2O3 inclusions in PM JIS-SUJ2 steel
Al2O3 inclusions in molten Fe-Al alloy
Al2O3 inclusions in molten iron
Al2O3 inclusions in the reaction zone of electrolytic iron I
Al2O3 inclusions in the reaction zone of electrolytic iron II
Al2O3 inclusions in the reaction zone of electrolytic iron III
Al2O3 inclusions in the reaction zone of electrolytic iron IV
Al2O3 inclusions in the reaction zone of electrolytic iron V
Al2O3 inclusions in the reaction zone of electrolytic iron VI
Al2O3 inclusions in the reaction zone of electrolytic iron VII
Al2O3 particle in microstructure of steel sample
Al2O3 x CaO inclusions in laboratory test steel samples
Al2O3 x MgO x CaO inclusions in 42CrMoVNb steel
Al2O3 x MgO x CaO inclusions in pipeline steel
Al2O3, Al2O3 x CaO inclusions in 316LC stainless steel
Al2O3, Al2O3 x MgO, CaO inclusions in steel
Al2O3, Al2O3 x MgO, MnS inclusions in C45 steel
Al2O3, Al2O3-CaO and complex inclusion in slabs
Al2O3, Al2O3–MgO–SiO2 inclusions in elytrolytic iron
Al2O3, Al2TiO5, and Ti3O5 inclusions in Fe–Al–Ti steels
Al2O3, CaO, MgO and SiO2 inclusions in 42CrMo4 steel
Al2O3, CaS, CaAlO3 inclusions in X-65 pipeline steel
Al2O3, MgO, MnS and CaS inclusions in SFVQ1A steel
Al2O3, MgO·Al2O3, MgO, MgS and MnS inclusions in 300M (40CrNi2Si2MoVA) steel
Al2O3, MnS and CaO x Al2O3 particles seen in microstructure of steel sample
Al2O3, MnS inclusions in 440 MPa-class plain carbon steel
Al2O3, MnS inclusions in S235 steel
Al2O3, MnS, CA inclusions in ultra low carbon steel
Al2O3, MnS, CaO x Al2O3 inclusions in steel for cold sheets
Al2O3-CaO and CaS-MnS inclusions in weathering steel
Al2O3-CaO, (Mn,Ca)S, MnS, CaS inclusions in carburising steel
Al2O3-CaS inclusion in steel with low and high sulfur
Al2O3-CaS-MgAl2O4 inclusions in electrical steel
Al2O3-MgO inclusionin steel
Al2O3-MgO inclusionin steel
Al2O3-MgO, MnS, TiN inclusions in GCr15 steel
Al2O3-MnO-MnS inclusion in bearing steel
Al2O3-MnS inclusion in structural steel
Al2O3-MnS inclusions in 1.1201, 1.7139, 1.7225 steels
Al2O3-TiN, Al2O3-TiN-Ti2O3 inclusions in Ti-alloyed Al-killed steel grade
Al2O3–SiO2–CaO–MnO–MgO–FeO inclusions in silicon-killed SAE 1005 steel
AlCaO, TiN inclusions in 100Cr6 steel
AlN inclusions in steel
AlN inclusions in weld, high aluminium E7O-T4
AlN inclusions in weld, high aluminium E7O-T4
AlN with Fe-rich areas in in weld, high aluminium E7O-T4
Alpha-Al2O3 (corundum) inclusions in Al deoxidized ESR ingots
Alumina and alumina-calcia inclusions 316LC stainless steel
Alumina and galaxite inclusions in A529 ladle steel specimen
Alumina and spinel in AK steel
Alumina and sulfide inclusions in 1.0301 steel
Alumina and sulfide inclusions in 1.1191 steel
Alumina clogging deposits in Ti-alloyed ultra-low carbon steel
Alumina clogs at the submerged entry nozzle during continuous casting of low-carbon Al-killed steel
Alumina cluster during deoxidation of low carbon steel by aluminum
Alumina cluster inclusions in pipeline steel
Alumina clusters in ultra low carbon steel
Alumina clusters sampled from the submerged nozzle area in the tundish
Alumina clusters with exogenous inclusions
Alumina dendirite and alumina clusters from deoxidation
Alumina dendrites in A529 steel
Alumina galaxies associated with MnS II in an Al deoxidized ESR ingot
Alumina galaxies associated with MnS II in RII-I2 ESR ingot
Alumina inclusion in 16MnCr5 steel
Alumina inclusion in PM superalloy U720
Alumina inclusion in carbon steel
Alumina inclusion in surface of AISI 316 steel
Alumina inclusion morphologies in low carbon aluminum killed steel
Alumina inclusion morphologies in steel
Alumina inclusions formed during the deoxidation of LCAK steel
Alumina inclusions formed during the deoxidation of LCAK steel
Alumina inclusions in 0.13C-0.28Si-1.41Mn steel
Alumina inclusions in 1.1191 steel
Alumina inclusions in 1.1191 steel
Alumina inclusions in 1018S steel
Alumina inclusions in SEN clogged port
Alumina inclusions in X50CrMoV15 steel
Alumina inclusions in steel X20CrMoV11-1 steel
Alumina rich MnO x SiO2 x Al2O3 (corundum) inclusions along with some spinel (Al2O3 x MgO x MnO) type inclusions in tundish clog sample
Alumina-Spinel-Lime/Alumina in SUJ2 steel
Aluminate inclusions in 100Cr6 steel
Aluminates in as-cast P20 tool steel
Aluminates in steel
Aluminates in weought P20 tool steel
Aluminium rich inclusion in 0.33C-0.29Si-1.49Mn steel
Aluminium oxide inclusion in fracture surface of hydrogen charged tensile speciemen of AISI 10B22 steel
Aluminium oxide inclusions in 0.33C-0.29Si-1.49Mn steel
Aluminium oxide inclusions in 30CrNiMo8 steel
Aluminium oxide inclusions in 30CrNiMo8 steel
Aluminium oxide inclusions in 34CrNiMo6 steel
Aluminum oxide inclusions in steel
Al–Ti–O cluster in the specimen of 6 min after ferro-titanium alloy addition in ultra low carbon steel
An example of a clogged alumina-graphite multiport shroud
An example of a non-metallic inclusions featured by an oxide core and a surrounding Sulfide crown in steel
An example of pure Al2O3 non metallic inclusions in steel
An example of some inclusions rich in SiO2 x 2CaO x Al2O3 (gehlenite) found after deoxidation through Al
Analysis and classification of non-metallic inclusions in clean and ultra-clean steels
Analysis of alumina clusters in ultra low carbon steel
Analysis of heats with no calcium addition in the ladle
Analysis of inclusion taken from molten steel in tudnish (modified deoxidation method)
Analysis of inclusion taken from molten steel in tundish
Anorthite and galaxite in glassy matrix of calcia-alumina-silica
Anorthite in a synthetic calcia-alumina-silica slag
Anorthite in silicate matrix
Anorthite, corundum and chromium-galaxite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Anorthite, spinel and grossularite (spessartite) in steel
Applications to oxide metallurgy (inclusion control)
Aspect of heavy contamination of a cc-slab with alumina, cast shrouding between ladle and tundish
Aspex images of MnS, alumina, and CA inclusions in steel
Automated SEM/EDX analysis of NMI in steel
Automated non-metallic inclusion analysis in LCAK steel
Automated non-metallic inclusion analysis in the three plants
Automatic SEM/EDS analysis of inclusions in 55SiCr6 steel
Automatic analysis of non-metallic inclusions in steel using SEM-EDS
Automatic classification sheme of inclusions - Oxford IncaSteel
B-type, D-type nad T-type inclusions in steel
BN, (Fe,Cr)3O4, FeO, Cr2O3 phases in 9Cr3W3CoVNbBN steel
BOF slag
BSE image and elemental mapping of an industrial stainless steel slag
BSE image of a 52CaO-9MgO-39SiO2 slag quenched at 1460 C
BSE image of a more acidic, air cooled 36CaO-36Al2O3-18SiO2-10MgO slag
BSE image of a slag sample containing 1) liquid and spinel, 2) liquid, spinel and SiO2 and 3) eskolaite precipitates
BSE image of an air cooled industrial stainless steel AOD slag
BSE image of an industrial AOD stainless steel slag stabilized with 2 wt% Na2B4O7
BSE image of experimental slag G
BSE image of the experimental slag
BSE image of the experimental slag solidified in air
BSE image of the experimental slag solidified in reducing conditions
BSE image of the slag stabilized with 1.83 wt% B2O3
BSE image of the slag stabilized with 1.83 wt% B2O3 quenched at 1460 C
BSE images of extracted inclusions from steel sample
BSE micrograph of diffusion front in sample (1800 ppm O, 1 s), showing the “precipitate-free” free zone
Ba inclusions in steel
Back scattered electron image of MnAl2O4 in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of MnO in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of MnS and SiO2 (tridymite) in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of SiO2 (cristobalite) in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of SiO2 (tridymite) and MnSiO3 in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back scattered electron image of compound A and Mn2SiO4 in equilibrium with the liquid oxide
Back-scattered electron (BSE) micrograph of a manganese silicate inclusion in polished steel surface
Battleship USS Arizona
Behavior of alumina inclusions just after deoxidation
Big slag inclusion in 42CrMo4 steel
Black lines on a cold reduced strip caused by alumina
Blistering on steel surface I
Blistering on steel surface II
Blistering on steel surface III
Blistering on steel surface IV
Blistering on steel surface V
Blistering on steel surface VI
Blistering on steel surface VII
Blistering on steel surface VIII
BloomeryIron – Jamestown, 17th C
Blue fracture test for oxide stringers
Bubble-shaped inclusion defects
Bubbles attached to Al2O3 inclusions in slab
CL photomicrographs of glass stones (defects)
CL photomicrographs of synthetic CaO-MgO-SiO2 steel slag
CL photomicrographs of fluidized bed refractories from titanium chlorinating plants
CL photomicrographs of spinel added and spinel forming castable monolithic refractories
CL photomicrographs of submerged entry nozzles (SENs)
CL photomicrographs of tundish veneer and coatings
CL spectra of MgO, MgO x Al2O3, Al2O3, Al2SiO5 and ZrO2
CRM 035-2 certified reference material for non-metallic inclusions in steel
CRM 059-2 certified reference material for non-metallic inclusions in steel
CSLM image of Al2O3 particle dissolution in various molten slags at 1550°C
CSLM image of MgO particle dissolution in various molten slags at 1550°C
CSLM observation of spherical inclusions on the surface of the (a) solid and the (b) liquid Mn-Si killed steel
Ca inclusion steel
Ca inclusions in Ca treated steel
Ca inclusions in aluminum killed steels (LCAK)
Ca inclusions in calcium-modified weathering steel
Ca inclusions in steel
Ca macro inclusion in ABNT 4133 modified steel (API 5CT)
Ca treatment stages
Ca-Al Inclusions in steel sample
CaO particle in iron phase surrounded by a CaS product layer in hot metal sample
CaO x Al2O3 inclusions - Automatic SEM/EDS analysis
CaO, Al2O3, MgO and CaS inclusions in ferritic stainless steel
CaO-Al2O3-CaS inclusion in steel
CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2, MnS, ZrO2 inclusions - electrolytic extraction
CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO liquid oxide on MgAl2O4 spinel
CaO·2Al2O3 + MgO, CaO·6Al2O3 + MgO inclusions in 22GYu, 10G2FB, 09GSF steels
CaS and MnS inclusions in steel
CaS, MnS inclusions in carbon steel
CaS, MnS, Al2O3, SiO2, Al2O3-SiO2, Al2O3-MgO, Al2O3-CaO, Na-K inclusions in medium carbon steel
CaS-CaO inclusion in structural steel
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the C2A2S5 (2CaO x 2Al2O3 x 5SiO2) range with rhodonite and sulfide
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the C2A2S5 (2CaO x 2Al2O3 x 5SiO2)range with double oxide of the spinel type
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the C3AS3 (3CaO x Al2O3 x 3SiO2)range with merwinite and galaxite
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the CAS2 (CaO x Al2O3 x 2SiO2)range with several oxide phases
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the CAS2-range with corundum and galaxite
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the CAS2-range with corundum and galaxite
Calcium aluminate - Wedge displacement in the steel matrix
Calcium aluminate CaO x Al2O3 and CaO x 2Al2O3
Calcium aluminate and galaxite in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate and manganese sulfide in the resulphurised steel
Calcium aluminate and spinel in a silicate matrix
Calcium aluminate and spinel in heavily rolled steel
Calcium aluminate entrapped in the slab after the end had come off the SEN
Calcium aluminate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate in A529 steel
Calcium aluminate in A529 steel
Calcium aluminate inclusion in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate inclusion in 51CrV4 spring steel
Calcium aluminate inclusions on the surface of a cold reduced strip
Calcium aluminate inclusions with superficial layer of CaS in SAE 1015 steel
Calcium aluminate surrounded by a scale of calcium sulfide
Calcium aluminate with CaS ring in steel
Calcium aluminate with high silica content in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminate with spinel
Calcium aluminate, spinel and iron oxide
Calcium aluminate-sulfide inclusion in constructional steel
Calcium aluminate/calcium sulfide interfaces of inclusions in CaSi deozidized ESR ingots
Calcium aluminates
Calcium aluminates in steel
Calcium aluminates on cold reduced sheet
Calcium aluminosilicate in 1018S steel
Calcium aluminosilicate in A529 steel
Calcium silicate and corundum in 1018S steel
Calcium silicate in 1018S steel
Calcium silicate in A529 steel
Calcium silicate in burnt dolomite bricks
Calcium silicate in magnesite bricks
Calcium silicates, rankinite and pseudo-wollastonite in a synthetic CaO-SiO2 slag
Calcium sulfide and aluminium oxide inclusions in 51CrV4 spring steel
Calcium-aluminate inclusion from a heavily Al-deoxidized ESR ingot
Calcium-aluminate inclusion in fracture surface of 51CrV4 steel
Calcium-aluminate inclusions in UNS G92600 spring steel
Calcium-treated inclusions in aluminium-killed low carbon steel
Carbonitride inlusions in high-Cr ferritic stainless steels
Carbonitride, nitride, sulfide and oxide inclusions in high-Cr ferritic stainless steels
Cast defect in aluminium killed carbon steel
Casting Powder
Casting powder, chromite inclusions in rotor steel
Ce inclusion in SS 2562 austenitic stainless steel
Ce inclusions in 25Cr-20Ni steel
Ce inclusions in H13 tool steel
Ce2S3, MnS, Ce2O3, CeO, Fe3O4 inclusions in SS400 steel
CeAlO3, Ce2SiO5 inclusions in X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7 steel
CeO2, CeAlO3, Ce2O2S particles in austenitic manganese steel
Centerline segregation in slab
Cerium oxide particles may cause pinning of grain boundaries in steel
Change of morphology of MnS in the Fe-Ni-Mn alloy
Characterization of inclusions
Chrome-titanium carbonitrides, manganese Sulfides and aluminium oxides in ferrochromium alloy
Chromite
Chromite inclusion in Ni-Cr-Mo steel
Chromium galaxite
Chromium galaxite
Chromium galaxite
Chromium galaxite
Chromium galaxite in maganese-chromium sulfide
Chromium galaxite in manganese oxide-chromia-silica
Chromium galaxite, tridymite and manganese sulfide
Classification of MnS inclusions in steel
Classification rules for automatic non-metallic inclusion analysis in SEM with the EDS - Aspex PICA 1020
Clogging - ULC steel
Clogging inclusions
Clogging mechanisms - Experimental
Clogging mechanisms - Theoretical
Cluster of alumina inclusions in steel
Cluster of octahedral spinel crystals and hercynite-galaxite inclusions in steel
Cluster of particles in hot metal sample
Clustered alumina inclusion in Al-killed steel
Clustering of alumina inclusions in liquid steel
Clustering of alumina inclusions in molten iron
Cold crucible remelting (CCR) method for assessment of inclusions in steels
Colour interference image of the gas purging plugs
Comparison between inclusions in molten steel obtained at 3 min and 18 min after the addition of aluminum
Comparison of 2D microscope and 3D SEM images of typical inclusion-related defects
Comparison of inclusions between ingot casted and ESR/PESR remelted common martensitic stainless steel
Comparison of the glazed refractory samples before and after experiments
Comparison of the relative amount of inclusions as a function of the initial O content
Complex Ca-Mg silicates Cast and wrought steels
Complex Mg inclusion in steel
Complex NMI in low alloy steel I
Complex NMI in low alloy steel II
Complex inclusion Al2O3-(Mn,Fe)S in cast steel
Complex inclusion containing in ferromanganese
Complex inclusion in 409L stainless steels III
Complex inclusion in 51CrV4 spring steel
Complex inclusion in 51CrV4 spring steel
Complex inclusion in AISI 316 L stainless steel
Complex inclusion in X12CrS13 steel
Complex inclusion in a cast roll
Complex inclusion in steel
Complex inclusion in type 316L stainless steel
Complex inclusions in 34CrNiMo6 steel
Complex inclusions in C-Mn-B steel
Complex inclusions in Ca-added steel
Complex inclusions in FV520B steel
Complex inclusions in austenitic stainless steel
Complex inclusions in grades X52, X65 and X70 steels
Complex inclusions in low carbon steel strip
Complex inclusions in runner samples
Complex iron-titanium oxide in Ni-Cr-Mo steel
Complex manganese zirconium silicate macro inclusion in manganese-silicon killed carbon steel
Complex oxide in API X70 linepipe steel
Complex oxide inclusions in cross-section of glaze-lining sample
Complex oxysulfides in Ca-treated AISI 1035 steel
Composite of light photomicrographs showing Type II MnS inclusions and Al2O3 inclusion clusters in steel
Composition maps from an inclusion extracted from a liquid pool deoxidized with "hypercal"
Composition profiles and maps of an inclusion in a sample extracted from a (ESR) liquid pool deoxidized with "hypercal"
Conical fracture during twist-type stranding of steel cord wire, caused by a hard macroscopic spinel-type MgO x Al2O3 inclusion
Conspicuous mixed inclusion in 16MnCr5 steel
Control and modification of MnS inclusions
Copper–selenides and and complex inclusions that contain copper–selenides in non-oriented electrical steel
Corundom and Mg-spinel
Corundum and spessartite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Corundum as single-phase inclusion particles
Corundum in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Corundum in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Corundum in manganese aluminosilicate matrix and calcium aluminate matrix of 1018S and A529 steels
Corundum inclusion in ferroalloy
Corundum with Cr2O3 in solid solution
Corundum, galaxite and mullite inclusions in the crankshaft
Cr-containing spinel particles in an air-cooled ferrochromium slag
Cr2O3 + Fe2O3 oxide layer on 347 stainless steel
Cr3O3, Fe2O, Cr2O, Ni-rich oxide layer on surface of austenitic stainless steel
Cristobalite in a ground-mass of fayalite
Cristobalite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Cristobalite in manganese oxide-chromia-silica
Cristobalite in manganese-silicate
Cristobalite in matrix of rhodonite and rhodonite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica, surrounded by sulfide scale
Cristobalite in rhodonite in steel A529
Cristobalite in rhodonite matrix, and glassy silica in steel A529
Cross section of Japanese sword
Cross-sectional micrographs of the corrosion phases formed on the Fe-5 wt% Al alloy in the oxidizing environment
Cross-sectional secondary electron micrographs of the corrosion scale formed on the Fe-5 wt% Al alloy
Crystalline anorthite (CAS2), spessartite (Grossularite C3AS3) and galaxite from the slag lining of the ladle
Defective pickle line material
Defects in the chromium plating of precision, mechanical and MBS tubes caused by macroscopic oxide inclusions
Defects on surface of steel strip rolled from ingot steel sliver, and (c) blisters, and pipe lamination
Deformability of macro oxide inclusion types
Deformation behavior of inclusions in AISI 304 stainless steel
Deformation behaviour on MnS and Oxy-sulphides inclusions
Dendrites and dendritic clusters in ladle, tundish and slab
Dendrites in clogging deposit
Dendritic Al2O3 inclusion in steel
Dendritic alumina at the quarter depth position in a heavily deoxidized slab
Dendritic and clustered alumina inclusion in pure iron
Detection of NMI in steel by CT
Detection of boron nitrides in creep resistant steels (CB2A, CB2 and NPM1)
Detection of non-metallic inclusions in steels with CT I
Detection of non-metallic inclusions in steels with CT II
Detection of non-metallic inclusions in steels with CT III
Development of 5 cracks, a, b, c, d and e in X-65 steel
Different inclusion types (all galaxite) in steel
Different inclusions in structural steel I
Different inclusions in structural steel II
Different inclusions in type 303, 304 and 321 stainless steels
Different types of 'scales' of MnS around silicate inclusions
Different types of inclusions in rolled steel
Distribution of inclusions containing nitrogen in centrifugally cast steel products
Distribution of non-metallic inclusions in a continuous cast 16MnCr5 steel
Dolomite
Dolomite
Droplet of mild deep-drawing steel grade caught from the unshrouded pouring stream with thick scale of iron oxide and small precipitates of iron oxide
Duplex inclusion in 1018S steel
Duplex inclusion in 1018S steel
Duplex inclusions in 21% Cr ferritic stainless steel
Duplex inclusions in 21% Cr ferritic stainless steel
Duplex oxide inclusions in iron
Duplex oxide–sulfide and shell-like copper sulfide in conventional continuous casting silicon steel
Duplex oxy-sulfide, pure MnS and pure Al2O3 in high-sulphur tool steel ingot
E 45 C and D oxides in steel
EAF carbon steel slag
EBSD analysis of acicular ferrite with inclusion in steel
EDS X-ray maps of class A and class B inclusions in steel
EDS analyses of steel-refractory interaction layer in the steel runner
EDS line scanning of transferring CaO–MgO–Al2O3 system inclusions in steel
EDS mapping of the EAF slag/ MgAl2O4
EDS mapping of the EAF slag/Chromium containing spinel
EDS spectrum of inclusions in cast steel
EDS spectrum of inclusions of macro and micro-inclusions in 4J43 alloy
EDS-Mappings of the first kind of CaO–Al2O3–MgO system typical inclusions in steel
EDS-Mappings of the second kind of CaO–Al2O3–MgO system inclusions in steel
EDX and PEELS analysis of Al2O3,TiO, MnS inclusions in steel
EDX and PEELS analysis of Al2O3-MnS-TiO inclusion in steel
EDX and PEELS analysis of Al2O3-TiN inclusion in steel
EDX and PEELS analysis of Al2O3-TiO inclusion in steel
EDX and PEELS analysis of Al2O3-TiO-TiN inclusion in steel
EDX and PEELS analysis of TiO inclusion in steel
EDX and PEELS analysis of TiO inclusion in steel
EDX and PEELS analysis of TiO-MnS inclusion in steel
EDX and PEELS analysis of homogeneous mixture of Al2O3-TiO inclusion in steel
EP (etch prints) of longitudinal cross section of 16 kg ingots
EPMA images of reacted layer in ZrO2-Al2O3 refractory
EPMA mapping images of the glazed refractories after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel
EPMA of an inclusion in the flange crack of a drawn and ironed can
Early stage of inclusion growth in steel
Effect Te on the morphology of alumina particles in liquid steel
Effect of Al content on oxide inclusions in as-cast low carbon steel
Effect of B2O3 additions to a C2S containing slag
Effect of B2O3 additions to a C2S containing slag
Effect of Ti content on oxide inclusions in as-cast Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steel
Effect of calcium treatment on mechanical properties
Effect of calcium treatment on non-metallic inclusions
Effect of cooling rate on oxide inclusions in as-cast Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steel
Effect of inclusion deformation on linking between adjacent voids
Effect of inclusions on creation and linking of voids during deformation
Effect of ladle slag on inclusion types in alloyed tool steel
Effect of oxygen content on oxide inclusions in as cast Zr treated low and ultra low carbon steel
Effect of slag composition on inclusion composition
Effect of the contact nature between the gunning materials and steel on the interactions at the interface
Electro slag in the fusion line after welding
Electrolytic extraction method for the non-metallic inclusions in steel
Electrolytic extraction of non-metallic inclusions from steel
Element mapping of a complex oxy-sulfide inclusion in steel
Elemental maps of the entrapped material
Endogenous inclusions in steel
Ends of dendrite tips frequently consist of apparently agglomerated particles, which form larger and faceted particles due to sintering
Energy loss spectra for aluminium - Al2O3
Energy loss spectra for oxygen - Al2O3
Energy loss spectra for oxygen - TiO
Energy loss spectra for oxygen - TiO2
Energy loss spectra for titanium - TiO2
Energy loss spectra for titanium - TiO
Enstatite in glassy silicate matrix
Enstatite in glassy silicate matrix
Enstatite in nodular cast iron
Escolaite and cristobalite in different types of inclusions
Escolaite in cristobalite
Escolaite in ferrochromium
Etching defects caused by macroscopic oxide inclusions in soft magnetic steel
European Helmet, 18th C
Evolution of inclusion morphologies (after extraction) as a function of pO2
Example of a complex oxide micro-inclusions formed due to deoxidation/reoxidation
Example of an anorthite inclusion found in a steel at the end of the LF treatment
Example of inclusion with alumina core and surrounding (Mn,Cr)-Sulfide phase in steel
Example of rolled in scale just bellow the surface of a cold reduced coil
Example of tunnel or lap defect on rolled plate due to pickled-out silicate inclusions
Examples of classified inclusion morphologies in different steel samples
Examples of detected bubbles in inclusions in steel
Examples of different inclusions in steel
Examples of faceted Al2O3 inclusion in steel
Examples of inclusions in steel samples
Examples of surface defects in steels
Exemplary SEM-images of detected Al2O3 particles on the analysed sample area
Exogenous inclusions from a calcium-silicon-barium treated heat
Exogenous inclusions in deep-drawing steel
Extraction of fine inclusion particles in steel
Extraction replica of Ti2O3 inclusion with adhered MnS and TiN
FE-SEM image of the autoradiograph around Al2O3 and Cr carbide inclusions
FE-SEM/EDS analysis of the oxide layer formed at the vicinity of the metal
Faceted and plate-like inclusions in LCSAK steel clusters
Facets have occasionally been observed on spherical inclusions larger than the average size in LCSAK steel
Factors influencing the clustering of alumina inclusions
Failed sampling
Fatigue fracture initiated in a spring element by macroscopic oxide inclusion located close to the surface
Fatigue initiating defects (inclusion stringers, slag,..) in AISI H13 hot work tool steel I
Fayalite and iron oxide in glassy matrix of iron silicate
Fayalite and iron oxide in iron oxide-alumina-silica
Fayalite layers on 0.1% Si steel
Fe2O3, Fe3O4 oxide scale on Cr-Mo steel
Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe3O4+FeCr2O3+Cr2O3 oxide scale on 2.25Cr1Mo steel
FeO and FeS in iron
FeO in Fe-O alloy
FeO inclusions in steel
FeO phase in matrix of MnO
FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 oxide layer on carbon steel
FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 oxide layer on low carbon steel with higher Cu
FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 oxide layers on hot rolled steel
FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 oxide phases in AISI 1020, 304 steels
FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe2SiO4, SiO2 phases in the oxide layer of Si steel
FeO, Fe3O4 in Fe-O alloy
FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 oxide layers on carbon steel
Ferroalloys - Impurities
Figs. of the horizontal runner
Fine crystalline MnS in silicate inclusion with cristobalite
Finely crystallized calcium aluminate matrix with calcium-manganese sulfide
Formation of MgAl2O4 around MgO particles during the dissolution in the M24 CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slags
Formation of oxides in steels
Forsterite and spinel in a glassy silicate matrix
Forsterite in an olivine brick
Forsterite, enstatite and chromite in olivine bricks
Fraction of morphologies and the size distribution of inclusions in different steel samples
Fractions of the number of inclusions with BaO at various process steps
Fracture method for assessment of inclusions in steels
Fractured large furnace slag particle in cold-worked austenitic stainless steel powder
From Tundish nozzle plug (Al-killed steel)
Furnace slag with the particles of chromite
Galaxite and chromium galaxite in 1018S steel
Galaxite and corundum in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Galaxite dendrites envelop a sphere, and are explained by formation from liquid oxide inclusions due to atmospheric oxidation
Galaxite in A529 steel
Galaxite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Galaxite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Generation of immiscibility gap in alumina-chromia crystals
Glassy Al2O3 (globular) inclusions found in 1018S furnace tap steel sample
Glassy Al2O3 (plate) inclusions found in 1018S ladle steel sample
Glassy cacium aluminate matrix with spinel
Glassy calcium silicate in austenitic stainless steel
Glassy complex aluminates in steel
Glassy inclusion in austenitic stainless steel
Glassy inclusion in the calcia-alumina-silica range in a rolled steel plate
Globular aluminosilicate inclusion in steel
Globular oxide inclusion in high carbon wire rod steel
Growth form of corundum and equilibrium form of corundum in steel
Growth of inclusions during secondary metallurgy in steels
Grunerite (FeSiO3) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4)
HT-XRD scans of aluminium oxide inclusions extracted from the LCAK steel samples
Heavy slag inclusions in central zone of bar rolled Steelmaker 4 continous-cast steel
Hematite on surface of inclusion from oxide scale
Henry Gun Factory –19th C
Hercynite and alumina in moletn Fe–Ni alloy
Hercynite in oxide scale
Hercynite, aluminium oxide and galaxite in steels
High alumina castables
Hot shortness of the rolled billet
How clean is your steel?
Hydrogen permeation estimated by hmt in carbon steel exposed to gaseous hydrogen
Hydrogenous cracks near sulfides in wheel steel
Hydrogenous cracks near sulfides in wheel steel
Hydrothermal treatment of BF slag
IGF nucleation at the (gamma/I) interface in Ti–oxide inclusions at 750°C in the TiO steel and in MnS inclusion at 740°C in the MnS steel
Image analysis of non-metallic inclusions in steel
Image of typical macro reoxidation inclusion in cast steel
Images from the confocal scanning laser microscope, showing the growth of alumina inclusions
Images of CaO x 2Al2O3 inclusions recorded with the CSLM
Images of alumina inclusions recorded with the CSLM
Images of spinel inclusions recorded with the CSLM
Implementation of automated inclusion analysis in steelmaking - Aspex
Improving the machinability of low carbon free cutting steels
In-situ observation of the formation of MA spinel grains in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag
Inclusion classes in calcium treated steels
Inclusion clusters and exogenous inclusions from line refractory in LCAK steel
Inclusion clusters in Al-killed steel
Inclusion detection and analysis using polished cross-sections
Inclusion from the quartz lining of the casting mould
Inclusion in 100Cr6 rolling bearing steel
Inclusion in SAE 1005 steel
Inclusion in SAE 1010 steel
Inclusion in acicular ferrite of weld metal
Inclusion in the liquid high carbon steel after ladle treatment
Inclusion layer near the ingot surafce in electrolytic iron
Inclusion modification with different Ca amounts and injection speeds
Inclusion morphology of a semi-killed steel X-70 pipeline steel I
Inclusion of FeO
Inclusion particles obtained at 1 s after the aluminum deoxidation I
Inclusion particles obtained at 1 s after the aluminum deoxidation II
Inclusion particles obtained at 1 s after the aluminum deoxidation III
Inclusion particles obtained at 1 s after the aluminum deoxidation IV
Inclusion particles obtained at 1 s after the aluminum deoxidation V
Inclusion size and its distribution obtained by the inclusion extraction technique for the Tundish samples
Inclusion sliver in the longitudinal section of a sheet product
Inclusion types given by REM additions to high-carbon steels
Inclusions after heating exhibit a sintered structure in contrast to original particles
Inclusions and fracture mechanics
Inclusions before and after ESR process
Inclusions entrapped in the steel net form structure on the surface of SEN
Inclusions evolution in Fe–0.1C–1.5Mn–0.1Si–xTi–0.005O–0.007S steel
Inclusions extracted from a Ca-Si-deoxidized ESR ingot by the iodine-methyl acetate-methyl alcohol method I
Inclusions extracted from a Ca-Si-deoxidized ESR ingot by the iodine-methyl acetate-methyl alcohol method II
Inclusions from mold flux and runner brick
Inclusions from mold flux and runner brick
Inclusions from the ferrochromium
Inclusions in DP-Type and TRIP-Type cold rolled steel sheet II
Inclusions in 10G2FB low-alloy high strength steel
Inclusions in 18G2A steel
Inclusions in 4140 steel
Inclusions in AISI 1536 steel
Inclusions in AISI 316 steel
Inclusions in AISI H13 steel
Inclusions in Ca-modified weathering steel
Inclusions in Cu bearing duplex stainless steel
Inclusions in Degasalt sample
Inclusions in Fe–Al–Ti–O melt
Inclusions in Fe–Al–Ti–O melt
Inclusions in MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 system at OLR and LF-IN
Inclusions in RM NA-4 steel
Inclusions in SAE 1010 and 1005 steels
Inclusions in SAE 1141 steel
Inclusions in SUJ2 steel
Inclusions in SUS304 stainless steel
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous aluminium silicate
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous aluminium silicate
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous aluminium silicate
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous aluminium-calcium silicate
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous aluminium-calcium silicate
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous calcium aluminate
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous silica
Inclusions in a high speed steel powder-exogenous zirconium silicate
Inclusions in as-extruded stainless steel powder compact-exogenous aluminium oxide
Inclusions in basic metal weld deposits with the different level of oxygen
Inclusions in ductile cast iron in the canisters
Inclusions in fatique fracture surfaces
Inclusions in high speed steel compacts-oxides from surface oxidation of powder
Inclusions in high speed steel powder compacts-Al2O3 powder added
Inclusions in high speed steel powder compacts-furnace slag added
Inclusions in high speed steel powder-HIPped
Inclusions in high strength cast steel
Inclusions in ingot of electrolytic iron
Inclusions in low alloy steel (An autoradiographic technique for studying the segregation of hydrogen absorbed into steels)
Inclusions in low carbon AISI 316 nuclear grade stainless steel
Inclusions in low carbon free cutting steels
Inclusions in low carbon steel with Ce and As
Inclusions in sponge iron powder-alkali-bearing silicates
Inclusions in sponge iron powder-alkali-calcium silicates
Inclusions in sponge iron powder-aluminium oxides
Inclusions in sponge iron powder-iron oxides
Inclusions in sponge iron powder-magnesium oxides
Inclusions in sponge iron powder-titanium oxide
Inclusions in sponge iron powder-titanium oxide with mixed oxide constituents
Inclusions in sword blade from Chiusi
Inclusions in the railway rail I
Inclusions in the railway rail II
Inclusions in type 444 stainless steel
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-exogenous oxide
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-exogenous oxide
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-exogenous oxide
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-exogenous oxide
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-exogenous oxide with precipitated sulfide
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-oxides
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-oxides
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-oxysulfides
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-sulfide
Inclusions in water atomized metal powder-sulfide
Inclusions in weld steel for arctic I
Inclusions in weld steel for arctic II
Inclusions in weld steel for arctic III
Inclusions may enhance failure of the steel
Inclusions of low-aluminum weld (E71T-8)
Inclusions un as extruded stainless steel powder compact-exogenous furnace slag
Inclusions, rich in calcium aluminate in teh fusion line between the steel and the welding electrode
Inclusion of calcium aluminate with spinel core in 803J bearing steel
Inclusion of spinel, calcium aluminate in slag of 803J bearing steel
Indigenous and exogenous inclusions in a slab sample from a magnesium treated heat
Indigenous and exogenous inclusions in a slab sample from an argon-stirred heat
Indigenous and exogenous inclusions in steel
Indogenous slag in a Roman nail
Indogenous slag in wrought iron
Influence of inclusions modification on nozzle clogging
Influence of non-metallicinclusions in super-finish wire cutting
Influence of temperature on size and neck growth of the constituent particles of alumina clusters in induction-stirred baths
Iron corrossion products in steel pipe for water
Iron oxide and slag inclusions in the crack in 1.2312 steel
Iron oxide in 145Cr6 steel
Iron oxide in 36MnVS4 steel
Iron oxide in 40CrMnMoS8-6 steel
Iron oxide in 86CrMoV7 steel
Iron oxide in X19CrMoVNbN11-1 steel
Iron oxide in the crack of 34CrMo4 steel
Iron oxide in the crack of St52-3N steel
Iron oxide inclusions in the failed melting pot
Iron oxide layer in 30CrMoV9 steel
Iron oxide layer on Cr steel
Iron oxide on silicon steel strip
Iron oxide scale in 30CrMoV9 steel
Iron oxide scale in AISI D2 steel
Iron sulfide, manganese sulfide, wustite in phosphate in carbon steel
Iron sulfide, wustite and fayalite in oxide scale
Iron sulfide, wustite and fayalite in oxide scale
Iron sulfide, wustite and fayalite in oxide scale
Iron sulfide-wustite eutectic in oxide scale
Laboratory trials Ladle glaze formation - MgO-rod immersion
Ladle side-wall build-up
Lancashire slag
Lancashire slag
Large alumina refractory pieces in carbon steel
Large mullite-sillimanite inclusion of exogenous origin
Large nonmetallic inclusions found in the forged ingot
Large sized non-metallic inclusions in subsurface specimens of IF steel
Large slag line in 1.5919 steel
Line analysis of MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-FeO inclusion in electrolytic iron
Line defect in rolled steel sheet
Line scan analysis of reaction layer of the CaO-Al2O3
Line shell defects on stainless flat-rolled product from ingot
Liquid Steel Sampling (Lollipop, Björneborg)
Long alumina inclusion in 50CrMoV13-1 steel
Low quartz and tridymite in 1018S steel
Low quartz in 1018S steel
Low-quartz, cristobalite, and chromium galaxite
Macro and micro inclusion population on the same specimen
Macro inclusion 42CrMo4 steel
Macro inclusion in 21NiCrMo2 steel
Macro inclusion in 50CrMoV13-1 steel
Macro inclusion in AISI 4340 steel
Macro inclusion in carbon steel casting
Macro inclusion in low carbon steel
Macro inclusion in stainless steel
Macro inclusion in stainless steel casting
Macro inclusion types detected in (Si-killed) steel
Macro inclusions in 42CrMoS4 steel
Macro inclusions in 70 t 12Cr2Mo1 steel ingot
Macro inclusions in flange of the plug in module of LHC magnet interconnection
Macro inclusions in manganese silicon killed carbon steel
Macro inclusions in special steel
Macro inclusions in stainless steel casting
Macro inclusions in stainless steel casting
Macro inlusions in carbon steel
Macro non-metallic inclusions in steel slab
Macro slag inclusion in 51CrV4 steel
Macro slag inclusion in AISI S7 steel
Macro slag inclusion in St52-3N steel
Macro slag inclusion in carbon steel
Macro slag inclusion in carbon steel
Macro-inclusions in steel ingot wth 0.3% C
Macro-structure of inclusions and frozen steel in the clogging material of a SEN
Macroscopic coral-shaped cluster consisting of coalesced microscopic Al2O3 particles
Macroscopic oxide inclusion as the cause of a defective pattern on a calendering roll for embossing of paper surfaces
Macroscopic steps at plate-like inclusions in steels
Manganese silicates and globular oxides in steel
Manganese silicates in low carbon Si-killed steel
Manganese sulfide and calcium aluminate at the slab-quarter-depth position
Manganese sulfide in 1018S steel
Manganese sulfide in 1018S steel
Manganese sulfide in A529 steel
Manganese sulfide in A529 steel
Manganese sulfide in A529 steel
Manganese sulfide in RWCHM stainless steel
Manganese sulfide in type 304 stainless steel
Manganese sulfides in AISI 416 stainless steel
Manganosite
Manganosite and iron oxide
Manganosite in A529 steel
Manganosite in manganese-iron-silicate
Mapping images of a calcium aluminate inclusion bearing a spinel island
Mapping of inclusions Type 6 and 7 in ORVAR 2M steel
Mg inclusion shapes in polishing section and immersion nozzle after use
Mg-Al- Ce-O type inclusion in steel
Mg-spinel in calcium aluminate
Mg0 x Al2O3 x SiO2 x FeO inclusions in experimental steel
MgO x Al2O3 inclusion od the strip surface of stainless steel
MgO x Al2O3 spinel formed in the slag/metal interface of SUJ2 steel
MgO, Al2O3, CaO, CaS inclusions in ultra low carbon steel
MgO, Al2O3, CaO, CaS, MnS inclusions in steel - Automatic NMI analysis
MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, Cr2O3, MnO, FeO oxides in EAF slag
MgO, MgO-FeO, ZrO2, ZrO2-FeO particles in Fe–10% Ni alloy
MgO-Al2O3-CaS inclusions in 44MnSiVS6 steel
MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-FeO inclusions in electrolytic iron
MgS x MgO inclusions in 35CrNi3MoV steel with 0.0140% Mg
MgS/MgO particle in hot metal sample
Microbreaks near non-metallic inclusions after plastic deformation
Microbreaks near nonmetallic inclusions after plastic deformation of wheel steel
Micrographs of isolated inclusions, clusters, and aluminium oxide films in LCAK steel samples
Micrographs of small aggregated particles, smooth spherical inclusions, octahedral inclusions, and thin film with spherical inclusions in LCAK steel
Micrographs showing cross-sectional areas of the oxide microstructure by several techniques
Microphotograph of a typical inclusion after vacuum degassing
Microstructure of AOD slag A
Microstructure of EAF slag B and C
Microstructure of manganosite in equilibrium with liquid oxide
Microstructure of manganosite in equilibrium with spinel
Microstructure of martnesitic chromium steel powder compacts
Microstructure of pyrophanite in equilibrium with pseudobrookite
Microstructure of rutile in equilibrium with liquid oxide
Microstructures of typical inclusions in as-cast steel
Mixed (Mn,Fe)S and titanium oxide inclusion in cold-worked type 301 stainless steel
Mixed (Mn,Fe)S and titanium oxide inclusion in type 301 and 316 stainless steels
Mixed (Mn,Fe)S and titanium oxide inclusion in type 301 stainless steel
Mn-Si-O inclusions in X65 pipeline steel
Mn-anorthite, corundum, galaxite and spessartite
MnAl2O4, AlN, AlON, Al2O3(-Al(O)N), Mn(S,S), Mn(S,Se) inclusions in high-manganese and aluminum-alloyed austenitic steels
MnO in a ground-mass of tephroite
MnO inclusions in ferromanganese I
MnO inclusions in ferromanganese I
MnO inclusions in iron
MnO slag in steel
MnO x SiO2 x Al2O3 inclusion in high carbon wire rod steel
MnO x SiO2 x Nb2O5 inclusions in Nb steel
MnO-SiO2, MnO-Cr2O3 inclusions in AISI 304 stainless steel
MnO-dendrites in Mn
MnO-rich inclusion in Orvar 2M steel
MnO-rich inclusions in Orvar 2M steel
MnO/TiO2/Al2O3 complex inclusion in SUS 304 stainless steel
MnO/TiO2/Al2O3/TiN complex inclusion in SUS 304 stainless steel
MnO–TiO2 and MnS inclusions in low carbon steel
MnS and Al2O3 inclusions in A533B pressure vessel steel
MnS and Al2O3 inclusions in X70 linepipe steel
MnS and FeO in FeS-MnO specimen
MnS and FeO in MnS+FeO(+SiO2) specimen
MnS and MnO in MnS-MnO specimen
MnS and TiN inclusions in carbon manganese steel
MnS and TiO inclusions in Jumbo steel
MnS and corundum in duplex in rolled steel
MnS and corundum in ingot
MnS and silicate in duplex in rolled steel
MnS and spinel inclusions in steel
MnS inclusion and oxide scale with FeS, wustite and fayalite
MnS inclusion in 51CrV4 spring steel
MnS inclusions in 20MnCrS5 steel
MnS inclusions in AISI 304 stainless steel
MnS inclusions in JIS SUM23 steel
MnS inclusions in S235JR steel
MnS inclusions in austenitic stainless steel III
MnS inclusions in sulphur-based master alloy
MnS inclusions in the Hull steel of RMS Titanic
MnS inclusions, alumina cluster and calcium inclusions in CON and CaT steels
MnS non-metallic inclusions 42CrMo4 steel
MnS of type I in duplex with silicates in different steel types
MnS of type I with Cr in solid solution and Cr-galaxite
MnS precipitated on the surfaces of oxides in low carbon steel
MnS sulfides in 1.4529 stainless steel
MnS x Al2O3 inclusions in C–Mn ship structural steel
MnS x CeS and oxysulfide with MnS in steel
MnS, Al2O3 inclusions in A537 steel
MnS, Al2O3 x CaO inclusions in steel of San Francisco-Oakland Bay bridge
MnS, Al2O3, Al2O3-MnS inclusions in high carbon steel
MnS, Al2O3, MnS-Al2O3 inclusions in medium carbon steel
MnS, Al2O3, nitride inclusions in G42CrMo4 cast steel
MnS, Cu2S, MnCr2O4 inclusions in 316F stainless steel
MnS, Mn2TiO4, MnTiO3, Ti2O3, Al2O3, MnSiO3 inclusions in Ti-killed C–Mn steel
MnS, MnO x Ti2O3, MnO x SiO2, SiO2 inclusions in steel weld
MnS, TiN inclusions in HSLA steel
MnS, V-Ti(N), VN, V(C,N), V-Ti(C,N) inclusions in V-N, V-Ti-N steels
MnS-Zr complex inclusions in Cr-Mo plastic mold steel
MnTi2O4, Ti2O3-MnTiO3, MnS inclusions in high-strength low-alloy steel weld metals
MnTiO3, Mn2TiO4 inclusions in low carbon high manganese steel
Modification of inclusion morphology with respect to calcium reaction time
Modification of spinels in steel during Ca treatment
Morphologies of Al2O3 inclusions
Morphologies of inclusions extracted from 4J43 alloy
Morphologies of individual inclusions in 4J43 alloy
Morphology of alumina inclusions generated during deoxidation of low-carbon Al-killed steels
Morphology of aluminium oxide in melts with free convection within 1 min after deoxidation
Morphology of aluminium oxide in pores of cc-slabs of mild deep-drawing steel grade
Morphology of aluminium oxide in quiescent convection free melts
Morphology of aluminium oxide in quiescent convection free melts as a function of initial oxygen content
Morphology of aluminium oxide in samples from the mold in the course of a sequence, time after start of teeming
Morphology of aluminium oxide in the cc-slab, produced without shrouding between ladle and tundish
Morphology of aluminium oxide in the course of Ar-stirring of undeoxidized tapped 300 t melts of mild steel
Morphology of aluminium oxide in the tudish nozzle after an unshrouded single-casting of mild steel
Morphology of clog deposits in tundish nozzle plug
Morphology of lump pure alumina inclusions
Morphology of manganese oxide - increasing manganese - and decreasing oxygen content
Morphology of non-metallic inclusions - Al2O3 inclusions
Morphology of pure alumina clusters
Mould fluxes and alumina stringers in blister sample
Mould powder in 10CrMo9-10 steel
Mould powder in AISI D2 steel
Mould powder inclusion in 1.4938 steel
Mould powder inclusion in 86CrMoV7 steel
Mould powder inclusion in AISI O1 steel
Mould slag in steel
Mould-steel interface in the continuous casting of steel
Mullite and corundom in glassy maganese oxide-alumina-silica
Mullite and corundum in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Mullite and spessartite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Mullite in synthetic slag
Multi-phased inclusion in austenitic stainless steel
Multiphase (relatively grown) inclusions in a 1020 ESR electrode
Multiphase inclusion in manganese silicon killed steel
Multiphase inclusions in C-Mn-B steel
Multiphase inclusions in a Ce containing steel
NM's in ferritic-martensitic F82H-IEA steel
NMI in 35B2+Cr steel
NMI in 35MnVS steel
NMI in 415-ton forged backup roll
NMI in 4LR60 stainless austenitic and Sandwik SANMAC 220 steels - Appearance
NMI in 4LR60 stainless austenitic and Sandwik SANMAC 220 steels - Aspect ratio
NMI in 4LR60 stainless austenitic and Sandwik SANMAC 220 steels - Comparison of investigation methods
NMI in 4LR60 stainless austenitic and Sandwik SANMAC 220 steels - Occurrence of different non-metallic inclusions
NMI in 4LR60 stainless austenitic and Sandwik SANMAC 220 steels - Sample prepration, investigation procedure
NMI in Co-free low-Ni maraging steel
NMI in ESR AISI H11 hot work tool steel
NMI in Ni-based alloy 825
NMI in S275 JRC steel
NMI in SAE 4145 steel
NMI in SS400 low carbon steel
NMI in calcium treated steel
NMI in carburizing 20NiCrMo steel
NMI in cast steel
NMI in electrical steel
NMI in ferroalloy FeTi70R
NMI in ferroalloys and steel samples - Sample preparation
NMI in high manganese austenitic steel
NMI in high-speeed steels (I10CR8DV, I8CR10D)
NMI in medium carbon steel
NMI in steel from Ternium Siderar
NMI in structural steel
NMI in vacuum degassed 38MnS6 steel
NMI in welded AH36 steel
NMI on the barrel roll surface
NMI with RE in medium carbon steel
NMI's in high manganese TWIP steels
NMI's in pipe line steels
NMIs classification
Nano-scale copper sulfide particles in conventional continuous casting silicon steel
Nb(C,N), CuS inclusions in Nb steel
Nitride inclusions in steel
Nitrides in railway steel
Non metallic inclusions in tire cord breakage
Non-Metallic inclusion analysis in steel
Non-metallic inclusion analysis from AOD to centrifugal casting
Non-metallic inclusion in ASTM A36 steel weld
Non-metallic inclusion in low alloyed cold working tool steel
Non-metallic inclusions in 1.0601 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in 1.4016 steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in 1.4301 steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in 1.4512 steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in 30MnVS6 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in 34CrMo4 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in 35B2+Cr steel
Non-metallic inclusions in 57SiCr6D, 3613, 100Cr6 steels
Non-metallic inclusions in Corus and Uddeholm steels
Non-metallic inclusions in F82H-IEA steel
Non-metallic inclusions in FeNb alloy
Non-metallic inclusions in FeSi alloy
Non-metallic inclusions in FeTi alloy
Non-metallic inclusions in Fe–10%Cu–0.5%Sn alloys
Non-metallic inclusions in H13 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in HCFeCr alloy
Non-metallic inclusions in IF steels
Non-metallic inclusions in Jumbo, TiO and MnS steels
Non-metallic inclusions in LCFeCr alloy
Non-metallic inclusions in Mirrax steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in Nimax steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in Orvar 2M steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in REM treated stainless steels
Non-metallic inclusions in Riva carbon steel
Non-metallic inclusions in SUS410J1 and SUS440B steels
Non-metallic inclusions in SUS410J1 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in SUS440B steel
Non-metallic inclusions in SiMn alloy
Non-metallic inclusions in Ultra low carbon steel and IF steels
Non-metallic inclusions in X20Cr13 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in X20Cr13 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in X22CrMoV12-1 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in boron steel
Non-metallic inclusions in clean steels
Non-metallic inclusions in ductile iron
Non-metallic inclusions in electric quality sheet steels
Non-metallic inclusions in high-grade steel for machine parts
Non-metallic inclusions in high-silicon non-calcium treated (HSiNC) stainless steels
Non-metallic inclusions in line pipe steel
Non-metallic inclusions in low carbon steel
Non-metallic inclusions in medium carbon steel
Non-metallic inclusions in medium carbon steel
Non-metallic inclusions in molten iron
Non-metallic inclusions in multi-phase high-temperature alloys
Non-metallic inclusions in nitriding steel
Non-metallic inclusions in silicon alloyed dynamo strip steels
Non-metallic inclusions in spring steel
Non-metallic inclusions in stainless steel
Non-metallic inclusions in stainless steels
Non-metallic inclusions in steel – Origin, estimation, interpretation and control
Non-metallic inclusions in steels
Non-metallic inclusions in teel grade A - SSAB during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in teel grade B - SSAB during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in teel grade C - SSAB during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in the conventional continuously cast and UCS steels
Non-metallic inclusions in weld, high aluminium E7O-T4
Non-metallic inclusions in weld, low-aluminum weld E71T-8
Non-metallic inclusions unalloyed steels
Non-octahedral inclusions in steels
Nonmetallic inclusions in barrel of Japanese matchlock gun fabricated in the Edo period
Nonmetallic inclusions in the 4J43 alloy
Nonmetallic inclusions in the centrifugally cast pipes
Nucleation IGF at a cluster of MnS particles in the MnS steel
Nucleation of IGF at the Ti–oxide inclusions in the TiO steel
Octahedral-like particles in steel
Olivine Sand
Open lamination on a cold reduced strip caused by large accumulations of sub-surface alumina
Open-hearth slag
Open-hearth slag
Open-hearth slag
Optical micrographs and corresponding XRD pattern (white crystals) of EAF
Optical microscope images of inclusion AISI 8620 carburizing steel
Optical microscope images of the same inclusion as in Fig. of inclusion No. 1279 and of another inclusion in the same cast
Optical microscopy images of acicular ferrite on inclusion in steel
Origin of macro inclusion types in (Si-killed bearing) steel
Other complex oxides in steel
Overview of the Al and Fe side of the sample cross section after contacting Fe with a piece of Al
Overview of the Al and Fe side of the sample cross section after contacting Fe with a piece of Al
Overview of the Fe/Fe-Al diffusion front showing the ‘precipitate-free’ free zone
Overview of the inclusion morphologies after acid extraction of the sample with 0.3 wt% dissolved Al
Overview of the inclusions found near the surface of the final sample
Overview of the morphology of the inclusions observed in the sample containing 0.04 wt% dissolved Al
Overview of the morphology of the inclusions observed in the sample containing 0.3 wt% dissolved Al
Overview of the numerous small spherical Al2O3 inclusions located in zone III in the final sample
Oxide and MnS inclusions in ASTM A516 steel
Oxide and MnS inclusions in steel
Oxide and slag in 41CrAlNi7 steel
Oxide and sulfide distribution in centrifugally cast steel products
Oxide and sulfide inclusions in 35CrNi3MoV steel without Mg and with Mg
Oxide and sulfide inclusions in API 5LX65 steel
Oxide and sulfide inclusions in ESR ingot
Oxide film in ductile cast iron in the canisters
Oxide inclusion as a failure initiating site in fracture surface of the 100Cr6 steel
Oxide inclusion in 34CrNiMo6 steel
Oxide inclusion in 42CrMoS4 steel
Oxide inclusion in 90MnCrV8 steel
Oxide inclusion in BN1 steel
Oxide inclusion in S390 PM high speed steel
Oxide inclusion in S390 PM high speed steel
Oxide inclusion in S390 PM high speed steel
Oxide inclusion in X-65 carbon steel
Oxide inclusion in X20CrMoV11-1 steel
Oxide inclusion in X39CrMo17-1 steel
Oxide inclusion in X40CrMoV51 steel
Oxide inclusions in 0.041C-12.71Cr-3.70Ni-0.59% Mo steel
Oxide inclusions in 0.041C-12.71Cr-3.70Ni-0.59% Mo steel
Oxide inclusions in 1.0330 steel
Oxide inclusions in AISI 4335 steel
Oxide inclusions in Fe-Si-O specimen
Oxide inclusions in HT780MPa class high strength steel
Oxide inclusions in LCAK steel
Oxide inclusions in ORVAR SUPREME steel
Oxide inclusions in PM forged steel
Oxide inclusions in PM steel
Oxide inclusions in SAE 1015 steel
Oxide inclusions in X19CrMoVNbN11-1 steel
Oxide inclusions in X46Cr13 steel
Oxide inclusions in high temperature austenitic stainless steel
Oxide inclusions in large ESR ingot
Oxide inclusions in low carbon Si-killed steel
Oxide inclusions in low carbon steel - Calcium treatment
Oxide inclusions in manganese steel
Oxide inclusions in medieval sword
Oxide inclusions in pipeline steel
Oxide inclusions in steel
Oxide inclusions in steel - Automatic SEM/EDS analysis
Oxide inclusions in steel casting
Oxide inclusions in steel with low Si content
Oxide inclusions in ultrahigh strength AISI 4340, 65Si2MnWE, Aermet 100, 60Si2CrVA steels
Oxide inclusions in weld metal for high strength steel
Oxide inclusions in weld steel
Oxide inclusions in wrought steel
Oxide inclusions in wrought steel
Oxide layer at the MgO-C/steel interface
Oxide layer on an iron heated in air
Oxide layer on the AISI 1005 steel
Oxide layer on the improved austenitic steel
Oxide layers on E911, CB2, FB2, 1.4910 (X3CrNiMoN17-13) steels
Oxide phase on the fracture surface of X20CrMoV11-1 steel
Oxide scale
Oxide scale and fayalite
Oxide scale and silicate
Oxide scale in HSM coil
Oxide scale in X45NiCrMo4 steel
Oxide scale on T-22 and T-91 steels
Oxide scale on thermal spray coatings
Oxide scales on stainless steel
Oxide skins in cast iron
Oxide stringers in high carbon wire rod steel
Oxide-sulfide inclusion in Armco steel
Oxide-sulfide inclusions in 100Cr6 steel
Oxides in as-cast steel
Oxides, sulfides and nitrides serving as nucleation sites for IGF
Oxy-sulfides and sulfides inclusions in rolled industrial steel
Oxysulfide, complex sulfide inclusions in microalloyed steel
Oxysulfides, sulfides inclusions in 18CrNi8 steel
Palm House, Kew Gardens –19th C
Periclase and magnesium ferrite in magnesite brick containing iron
Periclase in burnt magnesite
Periclase, calcia, calcium ferrite and silicate in burnt dolomite
Phases in refractory materials
Phases in stainless steel slag
Phases of MgO, 2CaO x SiO2 and 3CaO x Al2O3 in slag
Picture of the sample after (a) 1 s and (b) 60 s interaction with liquid Fe at 1600°C
Piece of clogging deposit
Piece of clogging deposit
Plate-like clusters in clogging deposit
Plate-like inclusions in clusters occur frequently as dendrites
Plate-like inclusions in steel
Plate-like overgrowth onto existing particles in steels
Plate-like overgrowth onto existing particles in steels
Plate-like sulfides in conventional continuous casting silicon steel
Point analyses along a line from the reaction layer between Al2O3 and CaO temperature range 1350-1405°C
Principles of Spark-DAT for inclusion analysis
Production of certified reference material for non-metallic inclusions in steel
Pure MgO inclusion in constructional steel
Quarter depth alumina present on the fracture surface of a TTRA sample
Quartz and cristobalite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina
RE inclusions in GP240GH and G17CrMo5-5 cast steels
RE inclusions in low and high carbon steels
RE inclusions in steel
RE-O-S-As inclusions in high carbon steels
Rare earth inclusion in the steel with the rare earth elements
Rare earth inclusions in 3Mn, 3MnNb, 5Mn, 5MnNb steels
Reaction zone between molten steel and chamotte quartz, mullite, corundum, and glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Reactions between CaO and Al2O3 powders
Refractory macro inclusions in carbon steel
Relation among various kinds of equilibrium titanium oxides and titanium contents in liquid iron
Reoxidation
Reoxidation inclusion cut from a steel casting
Rhodonite (after rolling) in A529 steel
Rhodonite and cristobalite in A529 steel
Rhodonite in A529 steel
Rhodonite in fracture surface of A529 steel
Rhodonite, low quartz, tridymite and glassy silica in A529 steel
Rhodonite, tridymite and manganese sulfide
Round duplex inclusion in steel
Round duplex inclusion in steel
Round duplex inclusion in steel
Round duplex inclusion in steel
Round duplex inclusion in steel
Round duplex inclusions in steel
Round manganese sulicate and manganese oxide inclusion
Round manganese-iron oxide and manganese sulfide inclusion
Runner/Trumpet Refractory
Rust formed on Cr-Co and Cr-Cu-Ni steels
Rust layer in Ca-modified weathering steel
Rust scale on the steel surface of 1.2343 steel
Rust-steel interface on the CuLC steel sample
SEM Fig. of fatique failure initiated at an inclusion
SEM cross section image of quenched Ti3O5 crucible coexisting with liquid Fe–17.72 mass% Ni – 0.266 mass% Ti at 1873 K
SEM examination of the flange crack on D & I can, showing a calcium aluminate inclusion
SEM image and EPMA analysis of Al2O3 particle dissolution in various molten slags at 1550°C
SEM image and EPMA analysis of MgO particle dissolution in various molten slags at 1550°C
SEM image of accretion in Al deoxidized 430 steel
SEM image of acicular ferrite on inclusion in steel I
SEM image of acicular ferrite on inclusion in steel II
SEM image of phases in FC800 ferroalloy microstructure
SEM image of the interface between inclusion and steel matrix in SAE 52100 steel
SEM images of the glazed refractory after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel (5 min reaction)
SEM images of typical inclusion observed in specimen A; as cast, after 60 min heating at 1473 K, and after 180 min heating at 1473 K
SEM images of typical inclusion observed in specimen B; as cast, after 60 min heating at 1473 K, and after 180 min heating at 1473 K
SEM images of typical inclusion observed in specimen C; as cast, after 60 min heating at 1473 K, and after 180 min heating at 1473 K
SEM micrograph along with the element mappings of the surface area of the used runner
SEM micrograph of MnO–SiO2/MnS complex particles in the Fe-Ni-Mn alloy
SEM micrograph of inclusions on the surface of etched steel sample
SEM micrograph of the alumina rod treated in oxygen partial pressure
SEM micrograph showing the AF laths around Ti-oxide and Ti-oxysulfide inclusions in low alloyed steel
SEM micrographs (surface) of A) EAF 1, 0 month sample B) EAF 1, 24 month sample
SEM observation of (a) inclusion particle at the surface of the steel without slag and (b) a inclusion particle at the interface of the steel and slag
SEM observation of alumina inclusions at the interface of the steel and slag
SEM observations of the incipient period of IGF nucleation on MnS inclusions and grown-up acicular ferrite on MnS inclusions
SEM photomicrographs of the alumina substrate after the sessile-drop experiments at 1823 K and oxygen partial pressure
SEM photos of inclusions containing Al and Ti in steel
SEM picture and mapping results of glazed refractory sample
SEM picture of MgO dipped in slag showing FeO x MgO surrounding MgO
SEM picture of MgO showing slag penetration into the particle
SEM picture of dolomite dipped into slag showing no slag penetration and CaO being leached away
SEM-BSE image of a worn MgO-C brick from the ladle slag lining
SEM-EDX analysis of the TiO steel inclusions
SEM-EDX analysis of the complex Ti inclusion in steel
Sampling of liquid steel
Sand and reoxidation particles in carbon steel
Sand inclusion in grey iron casting
Scale on steel - different iron oxides
Scale on the sample
Scanning Auger electron micrograph of a corroded Cu-enriched manganese sulfide inclusion in 316 type stainless steel
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the rapidly cooled BOF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the semi-rapidly cooled BOF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the semi-rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the semi-rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph of rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph of rapidly cooled ladle slag
Scanning electron micrograph of the rapidly cooled BOF slag
Scanning electron micrograph of the semi-rapidly cooled BOF slag
Schematic diagram for dissolution mechanism of MgO and Al2O3 in molten slags
Schematic diagram of oxidation mechanism for the diffusion-controlled growth of multilayered scale during isothermal heating above 570°C
Schematic illustration of inclusion in steel deoxidized with Ti
Schematic images of sulfides and oxides in steel after casting and rolling
Schematic microstructures of iron oxides with different cooling rate and atmospheres
Schematic presentation illustrating the influence of calcium treatment on inclusions in steel
Sequence of CSLM images of the long-distance attraction between an agglomerate and a small inclusion on the surface the steel during melting
Shape different Al2O3 inclusions in LCAK steel
Sharpened slag line in 1.8519 steel
Shell-like copper sulfide with MnS core in conventional continuous casting silicon steel
Shematic images of oxides in steel after casting and rolling
SiO2 inclusion in Si-steel
SiO2 inclusions in X46Cr13 steel
SiO2 inclusions in steel
SiO2 x Al2O3 x CaO inclusions in LF steel
SiO2 x MnO-FeO inclusions in medium carbon steel
SiO2-Al2O3-MnO-TiO2 inclusions in electrical steel
Silica based inclusions in steel
Silicate inclusion in a longitudial section from steel
Silicate inclusion in puddled iron
Silicate inclusions in 0.21C-0.20Si-0.79Mn steel
Silicate inclusions in steel
Silicate melt
Silicate slag in a cross-section of a RMS Titanic hull rivet
Silicates and sulfides in wrought steel
Silver defects in stainless steel
Single phase inclusions in partially and fully molten regions in a 1020 ESR electrode tip
Single phase inclusions in partially and fully molten regions in a 1020 ESR electrode tip
Single-phase rhodonite
Singular platelets of inclusions in steels
Skeletal morphology of alumina build up in a SEN bore
Slab quarter depth alumina rating standards
Slag and iron oxide in 41CrAlNi7 steel
Slag and iron oxide in 41CrAlNi7 steel
Slag formation and blockage of the argon channel
Slag from different iron oxides from oxide scale
Slag in a fractured 17th C Japanese helmut
Slag inclusion in 1.3302 steel
Slag inclusion in 1.3343 steel
Slag inclusion in 1.7225 steel
Slag inclusion in 10CrMo9-10 steel
Slag inclusion in 142W13 steel
Slag inclusion in 20Mn6 steel
Slag inclusion in 30CrNiMo8 steel
Slag inclusion in 40CrMnMo7 steel
Slag inclusion in 40CrMnMoS8-6 steel
Slag inclusion in 40CrMnMoS8-6 steel
Slag inclusion in 50CrMoV13-1 steel
Slag inclusion in 86CrMoV7 steel
Slag inclusion in 90MnCrV8 steel
Slag inclusion in 9SMn28 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI A2 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D2 Steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D2 Steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D2 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D2 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI D3 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI H13 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI O2 steel
Slag inclusion in AISI T42 steel
Slag inclusion in Ck45 steel
Slag inclusion in M2 steel
Slag inclusion in X100CrMoV5 steel
Slag inclusion in X12CrS13 steel
Slag inclusion in X19NiCrMo4 steel
Slag inclusion in X20Cr13 steel
Slag inclusion in X20Cr13 steel
Slag inclusion in X20Cr13 steel
Slag inclusion in X38CrMoV5-1 steel
Slag inclusion in X40CrMoV51 steel
Slag inclusion in X5CrNiCuNb16-4 steel
Slag inclusion in alloyed carbon steel
Slag inclusion in high speed steel 1.53C-4.90Cr-6.50V-4.90Co
Slag inclusion in steel
Slag inclusion in steel Mat. No. 1.3346
Slag inclusion in steel X46Cr13 steel
Slag inclusions and oxide film in ductile cast iron in the canisters
Slag inclusions in 40CrMnMoS8-6 steel
Slag inclusions in GX2CrNiMo18-14-3 cast steel
Slag inclusions in GX3CrNiMoN17-13-5 cast steel
Slag inclusions in X12Cr13 steel
Slag inclusions in X19NiCrMo4 steel
Slag inclusions in basic Bessemer steel
Slag inclusions in wrought iron
Slag particle in rolled steel
Slag spots on a cold-rolled sheet
Slag under the surface in 1.4105 steel
Slag under the surface in 1.7707 steel
Slags and titanium carbides in 1.4872 steel
Small black streaks on the surface of D & I tinplate, due to gehlenite inclusions
Small hercynite inclusions in a weld
Small inclusions may originate from aggregated particles in steels
Small inclusions may originate from aggregated particles in steels
Some examples of alumina inclusions in steel
Source of the macro inclusions in the ingot bottom teeming system
Spessartite and corundom in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Spessartite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Spessartite in glassy manganese oxide-alumina-silica
Spherical Al2O3 inclusions in steel
Spherical aluminium oxide inclusion largely covered by titanium nitride in polished steel surface
Spherical calcium aluminate (core) with (peripheral) sulfide phases in CaSi deoxidized ESR ingots
Spherical calcium aluminate inclusion in steel
Spherical inclusion in constructional steel
Spherical inclusion in constructional steel
Spherical precipitates in the slowly cooled sample and small angular precipitates in the relatively rapid cooled sample
Spherical sulfides in conventional continuous casting silicon steel
Spheriodisation in dendritic clusters in the LCSAK steel
Spheroidal inclusions of aluminium oxide and galaxite inclusions in 0.13C-0.28Si-1.41Mn steel
Spheroidal inclusions of aluminium oxide in 0.13C-0.28Si-1.41Mn steel
Spheroidisation of dendrites in a sample taken a few minutes after deoxidation
Spinel and Al2O3-CaO-MgO phase in steel
Spinel and alumina inclusions in steel
Spinel and calcium aluminate
Spinel and calcium aluminate inclusions in SAE 52100 steel
Spinel and corundum in calcia-alumina-silica
Spinel cluster in steel
Spinel in calcium aluminate
Spinel in calcium aluminate
Spinel in calcium aluminate
Spinel in glassy silicate matrix
Spinel inclusion in Al-killed steel
Spinel inclusion in constructional steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 1 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 2 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 3 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 4 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 5 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 6 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 7 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusions in 430 stainless steel
Spinel inclusions in 430 stainless steel
Spinel inclusions in SUS430 stainless steel
Spinel inclusions in steel
Spinel inclusions in steel
Spinel inclusions in type 304 stainless steel
Spinel phase in super cooled oxide solution of slag sample
Spinel, CA (Ca-Al) inclusions, oxide scale in HSM coil
Spinel, Ca-aluminate and oldhamite in cast steel
Split autobody panel caused by the presence of excessive alumina at the quarter depth position
Stainless-steel corrosion and MnS inclusions
Steel samples taken from different positions in the horizontal runner
Steelmaking slag
Stepped cluster in steels
Stringer inclusions in 16MnCr5 steel
Stringer-like inclusion found at fatigue initiation site in tool steel
Stringers of aluminate inclusions in manganese steel
Strong slag line in 1.3520 steel
Strong slag line in 1.4718 steel
Subsurface failure under axial loading of a cross-rolled, medium carbon steel at Al2O3 inclusion
Sulfide and alumina inclusions in AISI A2 steel
Sulfide and nitride inclusions in steel
Sulfide and oxide inclusions in AISI 52100 steel
Sulfide and oxide inclusions in SS 2562 austenitic stainless steel
Sulfide and oxide inclusions in broken bolt
Sulfide and oxide inclusions in stainless steels
Sulfide and silicate inclusions in mild and Armco steels
Sulfide and small globular oxide inclusions in 16MnCr5 steel
Sulfide inclusions in Pb-free machinable ferritic stainless steel
Sulfide inclusions in SAE 4140 steel
Sulfide inclusions in steel
Sulfide, carbonitride and nitride inclusions in TRIP steel
Sulfide, oxysulfide, nitride inclusions in steel
Sulfides in free-machining steels
Sulfides, oxides and oxisulphides in cast steel
Synthetic slag
Synthetic slag - Hercynite
TEM analysis of Al2O3 inclusion in weld metal
TEM analysis of MnAl2O4 inclusion in weld metal
TEM analysis of MnS and TiO in weld metal
TEM analysis of TiO inclusion in weld metal
TEM analysis of TiO inclusion in weld metal
TEM examination of silicate nucleus in ductile iron
TEM image of sulfide inclusion with the trace of acicular ferrite in steel
TEM image, selected area diffraction pattern, and EDX analysis result, taken from the interface region between the MnS and the carbide tool in Ca-added steel
TEM images of oxide inclusions and silicon oxide covered by copper sulfide in steel
TEM micrograph of Al2O3 inclusion phase in weld metal
TEM micrograph of Mn–Si–Al inclusion phase in weld metal
TEM micrograph of galaxite inclusion phase in weld metal
TEM micrograph showing BWINGs around (Ti, Mn) based complex oxide in steel
TEM of inclusion precipitated in high-N stainless steel solution treated at 1150 C for 1 h
Tephroite in Mn-silicate specimen
Tephroite in a ground-mass of rhodonite
Tephroite in glassy matrix of manganese oxide-alumina-silica
The EDS spectra for plate-like sulfide in sample H10L
The FeS+CuxS+SiO2 in sample H12L
The SEM/EDS elemental mapping of the hot face at the MgO–C surface after the test with Slag C
The TEM image, EDS spectrum and SAED pattern for plate-like sulfide in sample H10L
The build-up from an alumina-graphite multiport shroud
The copper sulfide coexisted with silicon oxide in sample H13L
The copper sulfide coexisted with silicon oxide in sample H13L
The cross section view of the interfaces of Al2O3-CaO and the line scan results of Ca and Al
The effect of deformed non-metallic inclusions on mechanical properties of steel
The example of inclusion detected by the M.I.D.
The fine free standing copper sulfides and their EDS spectra in sample H10L
The formation process of Al2O3 cluster in ultra low carbon steel
The four categories of inclusion type used in PM inclusion asessment
The free standing and plate-like sulfide in sample H10L
The free standing iron sulfide in sample H13S
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag 1
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag A
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag B
The hot face obtained from the test of the Al2O3–C refractory with slag C
The hot face obtained from the test of the MgO–C refractory with slag B
The hot face obtained from the test of the MgO–C refractory with slag C
The hot face obtained from the test of the ZrO2–C refractory with slag B
The hot face obtained from the test of the ZrO2–C refractory with slag C
The inner surface of the SEN
The iron sulfide coexisted with oxide and free standing iron sulfide in sample H8L
The iron sulfide coexisted with silicon oxide with different morphologies in sample H13L
The iron sulfide coexisted with silicon oxide with different morphologies in sample H13L
The iron sulfide coexisted with silicon oxide with different morphologies in sample H13L
The mechanisms of MnS precipitated on oxides in steel melts during solidification
The morphology and compositions of inclusions before deoxidation and after alloy addition in ultra low carbon steel
The photomicrograph of the glaze sample
The reaction zone between burnt dolomite and Al2O3
The surface of a fresh fault of an unused aluminium oxide refractory and an aluminium oxide particle found in the steel sample
The typical fine free standing and plate-like sulfides in sample H10S
Thermal stresses near nonmetallic inclusions and wear parts near nonmetallic inclusion
The cross section of a sample taken in the slag line of 803J bearing steel
Thick white oxide deposit in the inner of the SEN
Thin alumina inclusions in 1.7225 steel
Ti oxide and TiN-MnS inclusions in the heat effected zone after a welding
Ti-oxide, TiN and MnS inclusions in low carbon steel
Ti-rich inclusions and cluster of inclusions in cold-worked type 301 stainless steel
Ti2O3 and MnTiO3 inclusions in weld steel
Ti3O5, Ti2O3 oxides in Fe-Ti alloy
TiN inclusions in medium carbon steel
TiN inclusions in steel with and without Ca
TiN+BN, MnS+BN inclusions in structural 20-KCX steel
TiN+MnS, (NbmTi)(C,N), Al2O3+TiN inclusions in low-carbon microalloyed steel
TiN, CaO x Al2O3, MnS inclusions in ultra-high-strength steel
TiN, Ti4C2S2 inclusions in ULC steel
TiN-MnS, MgAl2O4, CaS-MgAl2O4 inclusions in steel
TiO, Ti2O3, Ti3O5 oxides in molten Fe-Ti alloy
TiO2 in X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 steel
TiO2 inclusions in AWS E 11018M type electrode
TiO2 inclusions in steel
TiO2 x MnS, ZrO2 inclusions in Ti steel
TiO2, TiN, Al2O3 inclusions in TiO2 and TiN particle additions
TiOx-Al2O3 cluster inclusions in ULC, LC steels
TiS and Ti-rich inclusions in austenitic stainless steel
Titanium oxide inclusions act as nucleus sites for ferrite and create an acicular ferrite structure in steel
Titanium oxide with Al, and MnS in steel with 0.090% C-0.89% Mn
Traces of slag on the fracture surface in AISI D2 steel
Transformation of Al2O3 inclusions into FeO x Al2O3 taking place near the melt surface of sample
Transformation of a steel inclusion in situ as a result of heat treatmnet of steel I
Transformation of a steel inclusion in situ as a result of heat treatmnet of steel II
Transformation of a steel inclusion in situ as a result of heat treatmnet of steel III
Transmission electron micrograph and diffraction pattern of monoclinic Ti4O7 particle from melt containing 0.001 mass% Ti
Transmission electron micrograph and diffraction patterns of cubic TiO particle from melt containing 1.23 mass% Ti
Transmission electron micrograph and diffraction patterns of cubic TiO particle from melt containing 1.38 mass% Ti
Transmission electron micrograph and diffraction patterns of monoclinic gamma-Ti3O5 particle from melt containing 0.015 mass% Ti
Transmission electron micrograph and diffractionpatterns of rhombohedral Ti2O3 particle from melt containing 0.164 mass% Ti
Tridymite in a ground-mass of fayalite
Tridymite, chromium-galaxite and manganese sulfide
Tridymite, quartz, and chromium-galaxite
Two complex exogenous inclusions in steel
Two different kinds of typical CaO–MgO–Al2O3 system inclusions in steel
Two phase inclusions in sword blade from Vetulonia
Type 1 and 2 inclusions in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 2 and 4 inclusions in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 2, 3 and 4 inclusions in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 5 and 6 inclusions in DIEVAR steel
Type 5 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 5, 6 and 7 inclusions in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 6 inclusion in steel with 0.50C-7.91Cr-0.39V
Type 6 inclusion, calcium-aluminate with a spinel core surrounded by a thin layer of CaS in Orvar 2M steel
Type 7 inclusion in steel with 0.38C-5.29Cr-0.94V
Type 7 inclusion in steel with 0.38C-5.29Cr-0.94V
Type 8 inclusion in steel with 0.38C-5.29Cr-0.94V
Type C1 inclusion in Orvar 2M steel
Type C2 inclusion in Orvar 2M steel
Type I, II and III MnS inclusions in steel
Type of MnS non-metallic inclusions on fracture surafce
Type-6 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Type-8 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Type-8 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Type-9 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Types A and B observed in the steel samples od ORVAR 2M before uphill casting
Types of inclusions observed in low carbon steel billet samples
Types of non-metallic inclusions and effect on the mechanical properties of steel
Typical MgO-based inclusions in steel
Typical MgO–Al2O3 system inclusions in steel
Typical alumina clusters in LCAK steel and TiN clusters in stainless steel
Typical bozzle blockage aspect and calcium hexaluminate clogging
Typical complex (Ca, Al, Si, Mn) inclusion in the liquid film and droplets of 1020 ESR electrodes
Typical duplex oxide–sulfide inclusion and plate-like MnS in conventional continuous casting silicon steel
Typical duplex oxide–sulfide inclusions and and plate-like MnS particle in conventional continuous casting silicon steel
Typical duplex oxide–sulfide inclusions and and plate-like MnS particle in conventional continuous casting silicon steel
Typical exogenous inclusions in steel
Typical inclusion in Ca-treated Al-killed steel
Typical inclusion shapes in MCAK, LCSAK and LCAK steels
Typical inclusions extracted by Slimes from steel samples of the ladle, tundish and slab in Baosteel
Typical inclusions observed by microscope in the ladle, tundish, mold, and slab in Baosteel
Typical micro-inclusions in the tundish and billet
Typical non-metallic inclusions observed in the molten steel after reaction with the glazed refractory
Typical nonmetallic inclusion in steel
Typical oxide found in SAE 1050 steel
Typical particle behaviour during early stages of agglomeration of complex cerium oxide alumina inclusions
Typical slag inclusions in steel ingot
Typical spherical and irregular particles found in MCP (Metal-Cap-Protected) samples
Typical sulfide inclusion (MnS) in steel ingot
Uniform TiOx x Al2O3 phase in Al–Ti–O cluster and irregular TiOx x Al2O3 phase with hollow holes in ultra low carbon steel
Untreated spinel inclusions in aluminium-killed low carbon steel
Variation of particle size of Al2O3 and MgO during the dissolution in various CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slags with dissolution time at 1550°C (CSLM images)
Variation of sulfide morphology with time in bearing steel
Water-solubility of various oxides and sulphides I
Water-solubility of various oxides and sulphides II
Wustite and fayalite in glassy matrix of iron silicate
Wustite and magnetite containing manganese oxide
Wustite, magnetite and iron silicates
Wustite, magnetite, and manganese silicate
X-ray images of MgO-C refractory/slag interface
X-ray images of MgO-C refractory/slag interface
X-ray images of doloma-carbon refractory/slag interface
X-ray images of magnesia/doloma refractory/slag interface
X-ray maps for inclusion in 4J43 alloy
X-ray maps for inclusions that consist of Mg, Al and O
X-ray maps of inclusions in ductile cast iron in the canisters
XRD analysis of slow cooled Fe-Ti samples
XRD pattern of the reference slag
XRD patterns of FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe2SiO4 oxides
XRD patterns of MgTi2O4 and Ti2O3
XRD scans of inclusions extracted from the LCAK steel samples
Y2O3, YN, (Al,Mn)O, MnS inclusions in AISI 304 stainless steel
Y2Si2O7, MnS, SiO2 inclusions in 410L stainless steel
ZRM 192-1 certified reference material for non-metallic inclusions in steel
Zirconia graphite (ZrO2-C) submerged entry nozzle (SEN)
ZrO2 -MnS -TiN inclusions in low C-Mn steel
ZrO2 inclusions in 1.4938 + Zr steel
ZrO2 inclusions in roller-bearing of 100Cr6 steel
ZrO2, CeO2 inclusions in low carbon steel
ZrO2, TiN, MnS inclusions in ultra high strength low carbon steel

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