Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steels

Spinel Inclusions

(Fe, Cr)3O4 spinel layer on Fe–10Cr alloy
(Fe,Mn)S inclusions in ASTM A504 rail steel
(Ti,Cr)2O3, Ti-Si-Cr-(Al-Mn-O), MgAl2O4-TiOx, TiN inclusions in ferritic stainless steel
A longitudinal section of the immersed nozzle after casting 430 stainless steel deoxidized with Al
A slag spot defect on a cold-rolled sheet
A swollen defect appeared on the deep-drawn product
Absorption of non-metallic inclusions by steelmaking slags
Advanced SEM methodology for tracking reoxidation in the tundish
Al, Ca, Si, Mn, O and S inclusions in HSLA steel
Al2O3 dendrite in steel
Al2O3 inclusion in SCM415 steel
Al2O3 x MgO x CaO inclusions in pipeline steel
Al2O3, Al2O3 x MgO, CaO inclusions in steel
Al2O3, Al2O3 x MgO, MnS inclusions in C45 steel
Al2O3, Al2O3-CaO and complex inclusion in slabs
Al2O3, Al2O3–MgO–SiO2 inclusions in elytrolytic iron
Alumina and spinel in AK steel
Alumina clogging deposits in Ti-alloyed ultra-low carbon steel
Alumina rich MnO x SiO2 x Al2O3 (corundum) inclusions along with some spinel (Al2O3 x MgO x MnO) type inclusions in tundish clog sample
Alumina-Spinel-Lime/Alumina in SUJ2 steel
Anorthite, spinel and grossularite (spessartite) in steel
Automated SEM/EDX analysis of NMI in steel
Automated inclusion analysis for steel
Automated non-metallic inclusion analysis in LCAK steel
BN, (Fe,Cr)3O4, FeO, Cr2O3 phases in 9Cr3W3CoVNbBN steel
BSE image and elemental mapping of an industrial stainless steel slag
BSE image of a slag sample containing 1) liquid and spinel, 2) liquid, spinel and SiO2 and 3) eskolaite precipitates
BSE image of an industrial AOD stainless steel slag stabilized with 2 wt% Na2B4O7
BSE images of as-delivered direct-bonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick
BSE micrographs of industrially worn magnesia-chromite refractory brick reheated/quenched from 1300°C, 1400°C, 1600°C, 1700°C and 1800°C
CL photomicrographs of synthetic CaO-MgO-SiO2 steel slag
CL photomicrographs of spinel added and spinel forming castable monolithic refractories
CL photomicrographs of submerged entry nozzles (SENs)
CL photomicrographs of tundish veneer and coatings
CL spectra of MgO, MgO x Al2O3, Al2O3, Al2SiO5 and ZrO2
Ca inclusion steel
Ca inclusions in Ca treated steel
Ca inclusions in aluminum killed steels (LCAK)
Ca inclusions in steel
Ca treatment stages
CaO x Al2O3 inclusions - Automatic SEM/EDS analysis
CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO liquid oxide on MgAl2O4 spinel
CaO·2Al2O3 + MgO, CaO·6Al2O3 + MgO inclusions in 22GYu, 10G2FB, 09GSF steels
CaS and MnS inclusions in steel
CaS, MnS, Al2O3, SiO2, Al2O3-SiO2, Al2O3-MgO, Al2O3-CaO, Na-K inclusions in medium carbon steel
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the C2A2S5 (2CaO x 2Al2O3 x 5SiO2)range with double oxide of the spinel type
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the C3AS3 (3CaO x Al2O3 x 3SiO2)range with merwinite and galaxite
Calcia-alumina-silica matrix in the CAS2 (CaO x Al2O3 x 2SiO2)range with several oxide phases
Calcium aluminate and manganese sulfide in the resulphurised steel
Calcium aluminate and spinel in a silicate matrix
Calcium aluminate and spinel in heavily rolled steel
Calcium aluminate with spinel
Calcium aluminate, spinel and iron oxide
Calcium silicate and corundum in 1018S steel
Calcium-treated inclusions in aluminium-killed low carbon steel
Cluster of octahedral spinel crystals and hercynite-galaxite inclusions in steel
Clustered alumina inclusion in Al-killed steel
Comparison of inclusions between ingot casted and ESR/PESR remelted common martensitic stainless steel
Complex NMI in low alloy steel II
Complex inclusion in type 316L stainless steel
Complex inclusions in Ca-added steel
Complex inclusions in austenitic stainless steel
Conical fracture during twist-type stranding of steel cord wire, caused by a hard macroscopic spinel-type MgO x Al2O3 inclusion
Corundom and Mg-spinel
Corundum in manganese aluminosilicate matrix and calcium aluminate matrix of 1018S and A529 steels
Corundum with Cr2O3 in solid solution
Cr-containing spinel particles in an air-cooled ferrochromium slag
Cross-sectional secondary electron micrographs of the corrosion scale formed on the Fe-5 wt% Al alloy
Different inclusion types (all galaxite) in steel
Different inclusions in structural steel I
Different inclusions in type 303, 304 and 321 stainless steels
Different types of inclusions in rolled steel
EAF carbon steel slag
EDS analyses of steel-refractory interaction layer in the steel runner
EDS mapping of the EAF slag/ MgAl2O4
EDS mapping of the EAF slag/Chromium containing spinel
EDS spectrum of inclusions in cast steel
EPMA mapping images of the glazed refractories after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel
Examples of inclusions in steel samples
Fatigue fracture initiated in a spring element by macroscopic oxide inclusion located close to the surface
Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe3O4+FeCr2O3+Cr2O3 oxide scale on 2.25Cr1Mo steel
Ferroalloys - Impurities
Forsterite and spinel in a glassy silicate matrix
Fractions of the number of inclusions with BaO at various process steps
From Tundish nozzle plug (Al-killed steel)
Galaxite and chromium galaxite in 1018S steel
Glassy cacium aluminate matrix with spinel
Glassy calcium silicate in austenitic stainless steel
Growth form of corundum and equilibrium form of corundum in steel
Hercynite in oxide scale
High alumina castables
Images of spinel inclusions recorded with the CSLM
Implementation of automated inclusion analysis in steelmaking - Aspex
In-situ observation of the formation of MA spinel grains in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag
Inclusion detection and analysis using polished cross-sections
Inclusion in 100Cr6 rolling bearing steel
Inclusion sliver in the longitudinal section of a sheet product
Inclusions in SUS304 stainless steel
Inclusions in ingot of electrolytic iron
Inclusions in the railway rail II
Inclusion of calcium aluminate with spinel core in 803J bearing steel
Inclusion of spinel, calcium aluminate in slag of 803J bearing steel
Influence of inclusions modification on nozzle clogging
Line scans and X-ray mapping data for industrially worn rebonded magnesia-chromite refractory, quenched from 1800°C
Line shell defects on stainless flat-rolled product from ingot
Macro inclusions in 70 t 12Cr2Mo1 steel ingot
Mapping images of a calcium aluminate inclusion bearing a spinel island
Mapping of inclusions Type 6 and 7 in ORVAR 2M steel
Mg inclusion shapes in polishing section and immersion nozzle after use
Mg-Al- Ce-O type inclusion in steel
Mg-spinel in calcium aluminate
MgO x Al2O3 spinel formed in the slag/metal interface of SUJ2 steel
MgO, Al2O3, CaO, CaS, MnS inclusions in steel - Automatic NMI analysis
MgO-Al2O3-CaS inclusions in 44MnSiVS6 steel
Microphotograph of a typical inclusion after vacuum degassing
Microstructure of AOD slag A
Microstructure of EAF slag B and C
Microstructure of manganosite in equilibrium with spinel
Mixed (Mn,Fe)S and titanium oxide inclusion in cold-worked type 301 stainless steel
Mixed (Mn,Fe)S and titanium oxide inclusion in type 301 and 316 stainless steels
Mixed (Mn,Fe)S and titanium oxide inclusion in type 301 stainless steel
MnAl2O4, AlN, AlON, Al2O3(-Al(O)N), Mn(S,S), Mn(S,Se) inclusions in high-manganese and aluminum-alloyed austenitic steels
MnO-SiO2, MnO-Cr2O3 inclusions in AISI 304 stainless steel
MnS and spinel inclusions in steel
MnTi2O4, Ti2O3-MnTiO3, MnS inclusions in high-strength low-alloy steel weld metals
Modification of spinels in steel during Ca treatment
Mould slag in steel
NMI in ESR AISI H11 hot work tool steel
NMI in Ni-based alloy 825
NMI in SAE 4145 steel
NMI in electrical steel
NMI in steel from Ternium Siderar
NMI in structural steel
NMI in vacuum degassed 38MnS6 steel
NMI in welded AH36 steel
NMI's in pipe line steels
Non-metallic inclusions in 1.4016 steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in 1.4301 steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in 1.4512 steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in 30MnVS6 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in FeSi alloy
Non-metallic inclusions in Mirrax steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in Nimax steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in Orvar 2M steel during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in REM treated stainless steels
Non-metallic inclusions in Riva carbon steel
Non-metallic inclusions in Ultra low carbon steel and IF steels
Non-metallic inclusions in X22CrMoV12-1 steel
Non-metallic inclusions in clean steels
Non-metallic inclusions in high chromium steel slab
Non-metallic inclusions in high speed steel
Non-metallic inclusions in high-silicon non-calcium treated (HSiNC) stainless steels
Non-metallic inclusions in stainless steel
Non-metallic inclusions in stainless steels
Non-metallic inclusions in teel grade A - SSAB during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in teel grade B - SSAB during ladle treatment
Non-metallic inclusions in teel grade C - SSAB during ladle treatment
Oxide inclusions in ORVAR SUPREME steel
Oxide inclusions in steel - Automatic SEM/EDS analysis
Oxide inclusions in weld steel
Oxide layers on E911, CB2, FB2, 1.4910 (X3CrNiMoN17-13) steels
Oxide scale on thermal spray coatings
Oxide scales on stainless steel
Phases in refractory materials
Phases in stainless steel slag
Photo images of glazed refractories after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel
Plate-like overgrowth onto existing particles in steels
Plate-like overgrowth onto existing particles in steels
Production of certified reference material for non-metallic inclusions in steel
SEM image of accretion in Al deoxidized 430 steel
SEM images for the glazed refractories after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel
SEM images of the glazed refractory after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel (1 min reaction)
SEM images of the glazed refractory after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel (30 min reaction)
SEM images of the glazed refractory after chemical reaction with Al-deoxidized and Ca-treated molten steel (5 min reaction)
SEM micrographs of virgin and industrially worn rebonded magnesia-chromite refractory brick reheated/cooled from 1750°C
SEM photomicrograph of a possible inclusion with spinel phase and calcium aluminate phase
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the semi-rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph and accompanied mapping of the semi-rapidly cooled EAF slag
Scanning electron micrograph of rapidly cooled EAF slag
Schematics of modification of spinel crystals in the slag-type inclusions by addition of fluorine
Silver defects in stainless steel
Slag inclusions in refractory
Slag spots on a cold-rolled sheet
Source of the macro inclusions in the ingot bottom teeming system
Spinel and Al2O3-CaO-MgO phase in steel
Spinel and alumina inclusions in steel
Spinel and calcium aluminate
Spinel and calcium aluminate inclusions in SAE 52100 steel
Spinel and corundum in calcia-alumina-silica
Spinel cluster in steel
Spinel in calcium aluminate
Spinel in calcium aluminate
Spinel in calcium aluminate
Spinel in glassy silicate matrix
Spinel inclusion in Al-killed steel
Spinel inclusion in constructional steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 1 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 2 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 3 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 4 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 5 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 6 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusion in steel sample No. 7 of 42CrMo alloyed structural steel
Spinel inclusions in 430 stainless steel
Spinel inclusions in 430 stainless steel
Spinel inclusions in SUS430 stainless steel
Spinel inclusions in steel
Spinel inclusions in steel
Spinel inclusions in type 304 stainless steel
Spinel phase in super cooled oxide solution of slag sample
Spinel, CA (Ca-Al) inclusions, oxide scale in HSM coil
Spinel, Ca-aluminate and oldhamite in cast steel
Sulfide and oxide inclusions in stainless steels
The SEM/EDS elemental mapping of the hot face at the MgO–C surface after the test with Slag C
The reaction zone between burnt dolomite and Al2O3
TiN+BN, MnS+BN inclusions in structural 20-KCX steel
TiN, CaO x Al2O3, MnS inclusions in ultra-high-strength steel
TiN-MnS, MgAl2O4, CaS-MgAl2O4 inclusions in steel
Type 1 and 2 inclusions in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 2 and 4 inclusions in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 2, 3 and 4 inclusions in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 5 and 6 inclusions in DIEVAR steel
Type 5 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 5, 6 and 7 inclusions in ORVAR 2M steel
Type 6 inclusion in steel with 0.50C-7.91Cr-0.39V
Type 6 inclusion, calcium-aluminate with a spinel core surrounded by a thin layer of CaS in Orvar 2M steel
Type C1 inclusion in Orvar 2M steel
Type C2 inclusion in Orvar 2M steel
Type-6 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Type-6 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Type-8 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Type-8 inclusion in ORVAR 2M steel
Types A and B observed in the steel samples od ORVAR 2M before uphill casting
Typical MgO–Al2O3 system inclusions in steel
Typical inclusions of singular spinel and spinel precipitated in silicate inclusion
Typical non-metallic inclusions observed in the molten steel after reaction with the glazed refractory
Typical nonmetallic inclusion in steel
Typical oxide found in SAE 1050 steel
Typical slag inclusions in steel ingot
Untreated spinel inclusions in aluminium-killed low carbon steel