Internal Defects

13/3-in.-diam gage - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
316 Stainless steel crept in air at 685 °C (1265 °F) at a load of 123 MPa (17.9 ksi). Time to rupture 710 h - Fractography
316 Stainless steel crept in air at 770 °C (1420 °F) at a load of 62 MPa (8.95 ksi). Time to rupture 808 h - Fractography
316 Stainless steel crept in air at 800 °C (1470 °F) at a load of 103 MPa (15 ksi). Time to rupture 808 h - Fractography
316L Stainless steel crept in air at 800 °C (1470 °F) at a load of 53 MPa (7.7 ksi). Time to rupture 839 h - Fractography
4375 part failed due to over-austenitization - Fractography
700 F embrittlement in mod. 329 duplex stainless steel after 1000 h - Fractography
A carbon-rich centerline - Rolling defects
A crack in the shroud of a low pressure steam turbine - Other defects
A die break down - Tool steel defects
A hydrogen-induced root crack - Welding defects
A large silicate inclusion that caused the defect - Tool steel defects
A nitrided punch - Tool steel defects
A rough substrate surface - Galvanizing - Coating defects
A2 stamping die – broke due to unintentional carburization - Fractography
AISI 06 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stock that cracked after limited service - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
AISI 4150 alloy steel chuck jaw that broke because of the presence of a brittle white-etching nitride surface layer - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
AISI D2 powder metallurgy die component that melted and deformed because of flame impingement during heat treatment - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
AISI H13 mandrel used to pierce and extrude brass that failed after 298 pushes, about 30% of its expected life - Fractography
AISI M2 roughing tool that cracked just after heat treatment - Heat treatmnet defects - Fractography
AISI Ol tool steel die that cracked during oil quenching - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
AISI Ol tool steel ring forging that cracked during quenching - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
AISI S5 tool steel hammer head that cracked during heat treatment - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
AISI S7 punch that had a low surface hardness after heat treatment and was given a second carburizing treatment, then rehardened - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
AISI W1 piston - Fractography
AISI W2 cold heading die - Fractography
AISI Wl tool steel concrete roughers that failed after short service - Fractography
ASTM A 490 High-Strength bolts - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
ASTM A 490 high-strength bolts - Fractography
ASTM E2868 digital reference radiographs - Casting defects
ASTM E381 Standard method for rating macroetched steel
Abnormal nodulizing defect - Casting defects
Abrasion - Pipeline defects
Abrasive (erosion) wear on the cutting edge of a fine blanking punch - Tool steel defects
Abusive grinding - Machining defects
Abusive grinding - Tool steel defects
Acorn milling cutters - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Activated charcoal filter-Wall section-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Adherent packing material - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Air inclusions - Casting defects
Air wiping - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Alligatoring (crocodiling) - Coating defects
Alligatoring - 9Cr-1Mo steel - Rolling defects
Alligatoring - Rolling defects
Alloy depletion - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy depletion - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy depletion in AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy segregation - Casting defects
Aluminum-nitride cracks - Casting defects
Ammonia cooling installation for air cooling-Condenser cooling elements-Attack by corrosive waters - Corrosion defects
Ammonium nitrate reactor - Flange-Stress corrosion (transgranular) - Corrosion defects
Angle error - Pipeline defects
Anthracite and resin beads beneath a stratified iron oxide layer - Corrosion defects
Arc craters - Welding defects
Arc strike - Welding defects
Arc strike cracking - Welding defects
Areas of positive segregation - Forging defects
Atmospheric distillation - Piping-Sulfidation - Corrosion defects
Autoclave heating system (with heating oil)-External part of heating coil-Fatigue corrosion - Corrosion defects
Axial shrinkage - Casting defects
Bad heat treated structure - Heat treatment defects
Bad spheroidised annealing structure - Heat treatment defects
Barberpole - Heat treatment defects
Bars showing a curvature defect - Slab defects
Base fracture - Rail defects
Base metal discontinuities (lamellar tearing, laminations and delaminations, laps and seams) - Welding defects
Baumann print of the slab cross-section - Slab defects
Baumann test - Forging defects
Benzene storage tank-Bottom plate-Chloride attack - Corrosion defects
Billet crack - Rolling defects
Black spots - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Blacking or refractory coating inclusions - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Blacking scab, wash scab - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Blast furnace gas scrubber-Plate-Carbonic acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Blister defect - Rolling defects
Blister defect - Rolling defects
Blister defect - Slab defect
Blisters in the zinc coating - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Blow hole - Casting defects
Blow holes - ESR ingot defects
Blow holes - Rolling defects
Blow holes - Slab defects
Blow holes - Slab defects
Blow holes I - Ingot defects
Blow holes II - Ingot defects
Blow holes III - Ingot defects
Blowhole - Casting defects
Blowhole segregation at the ingot centre or below the ingot surface - ESR ingot defects
Blowhole/gas cavities/cavities (blowholes) due to boiling - Casting defects
Blowhole/pinhole - Slab defects
Blowholes - Slab defects
Blowholes - Slab defects
Blowholes - Slab defects
Blowholes at angles - Mould - Casting defects
Blowholes, adjacent to inserts, chills, chaplets, etc. - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Blowholes, pinholes - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Blowholes/pinholes - Casting defects
Boiler (12 bar, shell type boiler)-Smoke tube (before and after cleaning)-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Boiler (12 bar, shell type boiler)-Smoke tube-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Boiler (41 bar, corner tube boiler)-Water tube from convection section-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Boiler (71 bar, vertical water tube boiler)-Water tube-Creep caused by superheating - Corrosion defects
Boiler (91 bar, water tube boiler)-Furnace tube-Creep caused by superheating - Corrosion defects
Boiler (gas turbine waste heat boiler, 41 bar)-Pipe-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Boiler (shell type boiler, 19 bar)-Smoke tubes-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Boiler (shell type boiler, 7-8 bar, gas-fired)-Smoke tube extremity of second pass-Cracking caused by superheating - Corrosion defects
Boiler (water tube boiler, 51 bar, fluidized bed fired)-Furnace wall tube-Erosion - Corrosion defects
Boiler (water tube boiler; 85 bar, 515°C)-Downcomer tube from drum-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Boiler feed system-Deaerator-Stress corrosion - Corrosion defects
Boiler feed system-Feed line from deaerator to boiler-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Boiler feed system-Section of steam dome of two-stage deaerator-Cavitation - Corrosion defects
Boiler feedsystem-First impeller and diffuser ring of boiler feedwater pump (65 mi/h, 51 bar back pressue)-Cavitation - Corrosion defects
Boiler feedwater deaerator-Deaerator cascade jacket-Stress corrosion (transgranular) underneath insulation - Corrosion defects
Boiler feedwater system-Boiler feed pump impeller-Graphitization - Corrosion defects
Boiler feedwater tank equipped with steam heating-Steam coil-Deposit attack - Corrosion defects
Boiler heat recovery system (watcr tube boiler, 46 bar)-Flue gas heat exchanger-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Boiler-Economizer pipe (before and after laboratory cleaning)-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Boiler-Economizer tube-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Boiler-Superheating tube-Sulphidation - Corrosion defects
Bolt hole crack - Rail defects
Boring cutters - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Breakage (cold) - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Breaks by an unfavorable microstructure - Heat treatment defects
Brewery-Spent grain transport pipe-Erosion - Corrosion defects
Bright macrostructure - Rolling defects
Brittle (top) and ductile (bottom) fractures - Fractography
Brittle fracture - Charpy V notch specimen - Fractography
Brittle fracture in tension - Fractography
Brittle fracture initiated by fatigue - Fractography
Brittle fracture of Fe –2.2% Si slab - Fractography
Brittle fracture of a railroad rail - Fractography
Broken A2 punch - Not tempered - Heat treatment defects
Broken base - Rail defects
Broken base - Rail defects
Broken base - Rail defects
Broken casting (at gate,riser, or vent) - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Broken mould - Mould - Casting defects
Broken nitrided case - Heat treatment defects
Broken or crushed core - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Broken wheel bolt - Fractography
Broken-open lap - Forging defects
Brown staining - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Bubbles - Casting defects
Bubbles defect - Slab defects
Buckle - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Buckling - Forging defects
Buckling - Rail defects
Bulge defects in the internal wall of oil casing pipe - Pipeline defects
Burn in - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Burn on - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Burn-through (non-standard) - Welding defects
Burn-through - Welding defects
Burnt castings - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Burnt-on sand - Mould - Casting defects
CO2 laser versus punched numbers - Machining defects
Cam - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Camber/swells - Casting defects
Camber/swells - Casting defects
Carbide pull-outs - Polishing defects
Carbide segregation - Other defects
Carbon dioxide scrubbing tower-Pump shaft-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Carbon dioxide scrubbing tower-Wall-Cold hydrogen attack - Corrosion defects
Carbon monoxide blowhole - Casting defects
Carbon monoxide pinholes - Casting defects
Carbon segregation map - 3.3 t ingot - Ingot defects
Carbon segregation ratio - Ingot defects
Carbon tool steel dies - Tool steels - Fractography
Carburization by soft annealing - Heat treatment defects
Carburizing - Corrosion defects
Case depth too deep - Heat treatment defects
Casting defect and crack in hot rolled round billet - Rolling defects
Casting distortion - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Casting ingot defects - Ingot defects
Casting ingot defects killed and rimmed steels - Ingot defects
Castings with sand inclusions - Casting defects
Caterpillars - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Cattle shed-Rear support of partition wall between the cows-Ammonia corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cause analysis of cracking and leakage of T91 steel tube - Fractography
Causes of cold crack formation - Welding defects
Caustic soda transport system-Pipe section-Stress corrosion (caustic embrittlement) - Corrosion defects
Caustic soda transport system-Pipe-Alkalinity corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cavity - Ingot defects
Center burst - Forging defects
Center macro-segregation - Slab defects
Center porosity - Ingot defects
Centerline crack - Rolling defects
Centerline or axial shrinkage - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline shrinkage porosity - Ingot defects
Centerline sponginess - Ingot defects
Central bursting (“chevron cracking”) - Rolling defects
Central bursting in 4615 modified ball studs due to segregation - Drawing defects
Central discontinuity - Forging defects
Central heating system-Boiler smoke tube-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Central heating system-Circulating pump rotor-Consequence of oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Central pipe, halfway crack, off-corner crack - Rolling defcts
Central porosity - Ingot defects
Central porosity - Ingot defects
Central porosity - Slab defects
Central porosity - Slab defects
Central porosity - Slab defects
Central porosity - Slab defects
Central seegregation zone - Slab defects
Central segregation and porosity - Ingot defects
Central shrinkage crack - Ingot defects
Centre segregation - Slab defects
Centre segregation defect - Slab defects
Centreline segregate - Slab defects
Centreline segregation - Slab defects
Centreline shrinkage - Rail defects
Changes in volume due to phase transformation - Heat treatment defects
Chaplet - Casting defects
Chaplet or insert cold shut, unfused chaplet - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Characteristic layers of a subsurface - Machining defects
Chemical distribution of the remelted ingot - ESR ingot defects
Chemical inhomogeneity - Slab defects
Chemical segregation - Casting defects
Chemical segregation - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Chemical segregation - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Chemical segregation AISI 1144 steel - Heat treatment defects
Chemical segregation AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Chemical-physical waste water purification plant-Mixing flange in waste water pipeline-Chloride attack - Corrosion defects
Chevron crack in 4615 modified ball stud due to segregation during extrusion - Fractography
Chevron cracking (central burst) - Drawing defects
Chevron cracking (central burst) - Extrusion defects
Chevron cracking - Extrusion defects
Chill crack - Casting defects
Chill zone - Slab defects
Circular spall in hardened steel roll - Fractography
Circumferential corrosion - Pipeline defects
Circumferential scar - Pipeline defects
Classification of cracks to DIN 8524 part 3 - Welding defects
Classification of welding defects
Cleaning circuit-Conductivity electrodes placed in the circuit-'Stray current' corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cleaning circuit-Pipe section-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cleanness I - Ingot defects
Cleanness II - Ingot defects
Cleavage fracture in carbon steel - Fractography
Cleavage fracture of Fe - 2.5% Si - Fractography
Cleavage fracture of Fe-2.5% Si steel - Fractography
Cleavage in Fe - 2.5% Si - Fractography
Clinks - Hot rolling defects
Coarse carbides by multiple annealing - Heat treatment defects
Coarse grain - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Coarse slag inclusions - ESR ingot defects
Cokey center, pits, and dendritic pattern - Forging defects
Cokey like center - Forging defects
Cold crack (lamellar tear) - Welding defects
Cold crack (root crack, toe crack, underbead crack, transverse crack) - Welding defects
Cold crack - Welding defects
Cold cracking - Casting defects
Cold cracking - Welding defects
Cold cracking bolts - Hydrogen embrittlement defects
Cold cracking of RQC-90 plate - Welding defects
Cold cracks - HSLA-100 steel - Welding defects
Cold etch of disc cut from small ingot - Forging defects
Cold fracture - Casting defects
Cold shot - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Cold shot inclusion/spray bead - Casting defects
Cold shut (fold) - Forging defects
Cold shut - Forging defects
Cold shut or cold lap - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Cold stress crack - Casting defects
Cold tapwater system-Pipe section-Carbonic acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cold tapwater system-Pipe section-Sulphide corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cold tearing - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Common casting defects I - Casting defects
Common casting defects II - Casting defects
Common concast defects - Slab defects
Common defects - Drawing defects
Common forging defects - Forging defects
Common heat treatment defects
Common pipeline defects - Pipeline defects
Common rolling defects - Rolling defects
Common slab defects - Slab defects
Common types of rail breaks - Rail defects
Compound fissure - Rail defects
Compound fissure - Rail defects
Compound fissure - Rail defects
Compound fissure - Rail defects
Concave fillet weld, convex fillet weld - Welding defects
Conchoidal or "rock candy" fracture - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Condenser cooler in nitric acid plant-Cooler jacket-Deposit attack - Corrosion defects
Connecting rod defects I - Forging defects
Connecting rod defects II - Forging defects
Connecting rod defects III - Forging defects
Constrictions - ESR ingot defects
Contaminated sulphuric acid transport pipeline-Plate in a butterfly valve-Cracking corrosion on both sides - Corrosion defects
Continuous catalytic reforming-Furnace tubes-Metal dusting - Corrosion defects
Cooling element of air-cooled sulphuric acid heat exchanger-Sulphuric acid plant-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cooling system (ammonia)-Insulated steel pipe-Corrosion underneath insulation - Corrosion defects
Cooling tower with heat exchanger-Cooler pipe from heat exchanger (with aluminium brass jacket pipe)-Hot hydrogen attack (decarburization) - Corrosion defects
Cooling water system (open, circulating, with cooling tower)-Pipe section-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Cooling water system-Cooling water pump check valve-Graphitization - Corrosion defects
Cooling water system-Cooling water pump impeller-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cooling water system-Left-hand cooling water pump filter bolt; right-hand new bolt-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cooling water system-Pipe section with branch-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Cope defect, elephant skin, laps - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Cope spall, boil scab, erosion scab - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Copper pick-up - Welding defects
Copper segregation - Slab defects
Core damage - Casting defects
Core segregation - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Core segregation with primary carbide accumulation - Ingot defects
Core segregation with sulfide accumulation - 1.4105 steel - Cold drawing defects
Core segregation with sulfide accumulation - Ingot defects
Core segregations - ESR ingot defects
Core shrinkage - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Corner blowholes, draws - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Corner cracks - Slab defects
Corner or fillet shrinkage - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Corner scab - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Corrosion fatigue - Broken drive shaft - Corrosion defects
Corrosion fatigue - Corrosion defects
Corrosion pit acting as stress concentrator - Corrosion defects
Cr-plated A2 blanking die - Coating defects
Cr-plated A2 blanking die - Coating defects
Crack - Casting defects
Crack defect - Casting defects
Crack in PM steel - Tool steel defects
Crack initiated from the rolling seam in AISI 8630 steel - Heat treatment defects
Crack present in hot work die steel before nitriding shown by Macro-Etching - Heat treatment defects
Crack promoted by the seam in AISI type 403 stainless steel - Heat treatment defects
Crack region at the centre of ingot - Ingot defects
Crack structure double-chrome layer - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Cracked or broken mold - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Cracked roll - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Cracked upset forged EX33 - Forging defects
Cracking - Forging defects
Cracking - Welding defects
Cracking by sparking during marking - Machining defects
Cracking found on a grade 91 header after operation for 58.000 hours at 580°C - Other defects
Cracking is promoted by inclusion defects in AISI 1144 steel - Heat treatment defects
Cracking is promoted by inclusion defects in AISI 1144 steel - Heat treatment defects
Cracking is promoted by inclusion defects in AISI 4150 steel - Heat treatment defects
Cracks (longitudinal, transverse, crater, throat, toe, root, underbead and heat-affected zone, hot, cold or delayed) - Welding defects
Cracks - Forging defects
Cracks - Pipeline defects
Cracks - Rail defects
Cracks - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Cracks and cavities - Welding defects
Cracks by internal defect - 1.4122 steel - Cold drawing defects
Cracks in the edge of the tool - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Cracks in the material to be galvanized - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Cracks on the surface of an S355J2-NbTi steel - Slab defects
Cracks, breakout shell - Slab defects
Cracks, porosity and macrosegregations - Slab defects
Crankshaft - Fractography
Crater crack - Welding defects
Crater crack - Welding defects
Creep exposed 2 1/4 Cr-1Mo SAW weld - Other defects
Cross section of defect - Rail defects
Cross section of tube showing weld metal - Welding defects - Corrosion defects
Crude oil distillation unit-Process pipe-Age embrittlement - Corrosion defects
Crude oil storage tank-Bottom plate weld-Knife line attack (selective leaching) - Corrosion defects
Crush - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Crystallographic orientation of the grains - Forging defects
D2 steel draw die insert – Incipient melting - Heat treatment defects
Dairy factory, whey manufacturing unit-Whey transport pipeline-Chloride attack - Corrosion defects
Damaged ejector - Tool steel defects
Dark rim around both the surface and the crack - Heat treatment defects
Decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Decarburization at heat treated material - Heat treatment defects
Decarburization of hardened 5160 spring steel bar - Front wheel drive - Heat treatment defects
Decarburized surface of Hadfield Mn steel produces epsilon martensite - Heat treatment defects
Defect found on ID surface of 420 stainless steel mould after polishing - Polishing defects
Defect types - Pipeline defects
Defect-free zinc coatings - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Defective coating (teardropping) or poor mold repair - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Defective ingot - Ingot defects
Defective ingot blocks - Ingot defects
Defective ingot blocks - Ingot defects
Defective weld - Rail defects
Defects caused by heat treatment - Casting defects
Defects caused by heat treatment - Casting defects
Defects caused by heat treatment - Casting defects
Defects caused by heat treatment - Casting defects
Defects caused by heat treatment - Casting defects
Defects caused by heat treatment - Casting defects
Defects in rolling
Defects in steel products - Slab defects
Defects resulting changes in the material structure - Pipeline defects
Defects resulting metal loss - Pipeline defects
Deformed mold, mold creep, springback - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Deformed pattern - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Degenerated pearlite within bainite - Heat treatment defects
Dents and buckles - Pipeline defects
Design overload - Die - Tool steels - Fractography
Desulphurization plant-6" pipe to the furnace-Hot hydrogen attack - Corrosion defects
Desulphurization unit-Reactor test block-Sulphur corrosion - Corrosion defects
Detail fracture (from shelling) - Rail defects
Detail fracture - Rail defects
Detail fracture - Rail defects
Detail fracture associated with welded bond wire connection (traction, signal) - Rail defects
Detail fracture from head check - Rail defects
Detail fracture originating from a visible shell - Rail defects
Determination of critical limits of shell deformation (IMC-B-test) - Slab defects
Development of discontinuity in metal
Development of segregation in a killed steel ingot - Ingot defects
Dicontinuities - Casting defects
Die and punch - Tool steels - Fractography
Die cracked in hardening - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Die failed in service - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Die failure caused by severe wear - Fractography
Die failures - Forging defects
Die failures - Forging defects
Die made from AISI Ol tool steel that was found to be cracked after heat treatment - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Die made of high-speed steel - Tool steels - Fractography
Die shift (mismatch) - Forging defects
Die shift - Forging defects
Die were tempered after the quench - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Different types of cracks in bars and retired-for-cause piping welds - Welding defects
Dimensional variation - Casting defects
Dip coat spall, scab - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Direct and indirect views of a brittle fracture - Fractography
Discolorations - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Discrete white spots in AL 15-5 stainless steel - Ingot defects
Disperse shrinkage porosity - Casting defects
Dispersed shrinkage - Casting defects
Dispersed shrinkage - Casting defects
Dispersed shrinkage - Casting defects
Dispersed shrinkage - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Displaced segregation - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Distillation column-Tray clamp-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Distillation tower-Belleville washers (top specimen unused, bottom specimen corroded)-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Distinctive core segregation - Ingot defects
Distorted casting - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Distortion - Welding defects
Distortion or warp - Casting defects
District heating system-Lower part of radiator-Deposit attack - Corrosion defects
Drops - Casting defects
Dross - Casting defects
Dross - Casting defects
Dross entrapment I - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Dross entrapment II - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Ductile fracture - 'Popsac' vessel - Fractography
Ductile fracture - Charpy V notch specimen - Fractography
Ductile fracture - Microvoid coalescence - Fractography
Ductile fracture in tension - Fractography
EDM caused defects at holes in this AISI A4 primer cup plate (sectioned) - Machining defects
EDM copper and graphite electrodes - EDM machining defects
EDM layers thickness - Orvar Supreme tool steel - EDM machining defects
Edge and central porosity - Ingot defects
Edge displacement - Pipeline defects
Edge porosity - Ingot defects
Effect of EDM on the tool surface - Tool steel defects
Effect of casting speed on solidification structure and central macrosegregation - Slab defects
Effect of forging on microstructure - Forging defects
Effect of stress raisers on stress concentration and distribution of stress - Fractography
Effects of hard machining on surface quality of a high-strength tool steel - Tool steel defects
Ejection die - Tool steel defects
Embrittlement of the material, fractures caused by artificial ageing - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Engine burn - Rail defects
Engine burn - Rail defects
Engine burn fracture - Rail defects
Engine burn fracture - Rail defects
Entrapped gas, heavy segregation, voids, and ingot pattern - Forging defects
Erosion - Mould - Casting defects
Erosion damage from the bore to just below the outside-diameter surface of an AISI HI3 nozzle from a zinc die-casting die - Fractography
Erosion, cut, or wash - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Etching cracks in rolling element bearings - Bearing defects
Example of a dent - Pipeline defects
Example of a manufacturing defect - Pipeline defects
Example of detailed analysis and report of results by laboratory - Tool steel defects
Example of measurements of the heat affected zone depth and the depth of weld penetration
Example of measurements of the heat affected zone depth and the depth of weld penetration - Welding defects
Examples of exogenous inclusion such as teeming flux and well block sand - Ingot defects
Examples of the microstructure of AISI M2 high-speed steel - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Excess penetration (burn through) - Welding defects
Excess penetration bead - Welding I - Coating defects
Excess penetration bead - Welding II - Coating defects
Excess rapping of pattern - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Excessive cleaning - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Excessive concavity or convexity - Welding defects
Excessive concavity or convexity - Welding defects
Excessive heating - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Excessive heating of AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Excessive melt-through (burn-through) - Welding defects
Excessive penetration - Welding defects
Excessive quenching stress - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Excessive quenching-stress - Tool steels - Fractography
Excessive reinforcement - Welding defects
Excessive reinforcement - Welding defects
Excessive stress - Tool steels - Fractography
Explosion penetration - Mould - Casting defects
Extensive centerline shrinkag - Ingot defects
Extensive segregation - Fractography
Extent of hardening - Heat treatment defects
Extent of the heat-affected zone produced during flame cutting - Heat treatment defects
Face chipping - Tool steel defects
Failed AISI H26 exhaust-valve punch - Fractography
Failed AISI S7 jewelry striking die - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Failed cast HH stainless steel furnace hook due sigma phase embrittlement - Fractography
Failed over-austenitized A2 rotary knife - Fractography
Failed sample of the hot extruded steel - Forging defects
Failed seam welded hot reheat pipe of grade 11 - Other defects
Failed spring - Fractography
Failure Analysis of a Helical Gear in a Gearbox - Fractography
Failure analysis of 316L stainless steel corrugated pipe - Corrosion defects
Failure analysis of a hardened and tempered structural steel - Fractography
Failure caused by a forging lap in a sledge-hammer head - Forging defects - Fractography
Failure caused by improper quenching - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Failure due to a band of carbides - Fractography
Failure of a Hip posthesis - Fractography
Failure of a crane hook - Fractography - Fractography
Failure of a wire rope - Fractography - Fractography
Failure of an arm pin of a boom placer or reach stacker - Fractography
Failure of boiler tube of a thermal power station - Fractography
Failure of bolts of flapjack mounting bracket of an aircraft - Fractography
Failure of breech block of light machine gun - Fractography
Failure of chain links while lifting loads - Fractography
Failure of combustion chamber outer casing of an aeroengine - Fractography
Failure of compressor rotor blades of an aeroengine - Fractography
Failure of connecting rods - Fractography
Failure of control lever of fuel-metering unit of an aeroengine - Fractography
Failure of drill rods for mining - Fractography
Failure of exhaust outer cone of an aeroengine - Fractography
Failure of fin mounting nuts - Fractography
Failure of firing pin of 120 mm low range mortar - Fractography
Failure of grinding roll of a bowl mill - Fractography
Failure of hip-joint prosthesis - Fractography
Failure of mounting bolt of emergency changeover valve - Fractography
Failure of omega crane hoist wire rope - Fractography - Fractography
Failure of rock breaker chisel at site - Fractography
Failure of sealing rings of centrifugal breather of an aeroengine - Fractography
Failure of shaft of a gearbox - Fractography
Failure of steam pipe in unit-VI of a thermal power station - Fractography
Failure of track pins of track link - Fractography
Failure of track shoe of an infantry combat vehicle - Fractography
Failure of truck-mounted crane - Fractography - Fractography
Failure of wheel hub of an aircraft - Fractography
Fatigue - Bearing defects
Fatigue Pre-Crack and ductile fracture of 304 austenitic stainless steel CVN specimen - Fractography
Fatigue Pre-Crack and ductile fracture of a carbon steel CVN specimen - Fractography
Fatigue crack - Pipeline defects
Fatigue crack in 304 stainless steel - Fractography
Fatigue crack in 304 stainless steel - Fractography
Fatigue crack in 304 stainless steel - Fractography
Fatigue crack in carbon steel - Fractography
Fatigue failure of eail at FAST - Fractography
Fatigue fracture at a screw - 1.5511 steel - Cold drawing defects
Fatigue fractures - Fractography
Fatigue fractures and origins - Fractography
Fatigue in 316 SS - Fractography
Fatigue started at shrinkage cavity - Fractography
Fatique striation patterns - Fractography
Ferrite in the heat treated structure - Heat treatment defects
Fillet scab - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Fillet vein - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
First stage reactor-Hydrocraking - Corrosion defects
Fisheye - Welding defects
Fisheye I - Fractography
Fisheye II - Fractography
Fisheye III - Fractography
Fisheye IV - Fractography
Fisheye V - Fractography
Fissure defects - Mould - Casting defects
Fissure frequency - Tool steels - EDM machining defects
Fixture made from AISI Ol tool steel that cracked during oil quenching - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Flakes - Forged bar - Forging defects
Flakes - Forging defects
Flakes - Forging defects
Flakes - Tool steels - Heat treatment defects
Flakes in 34CrNiMo6 steel - Forging defects
Flakes or fish-eyes - Forging defects
Flaking - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Flaking - Hot-dip galvanized coating - Coating defects
Flame impingement – Local melting - Heat treatment defects
Flash - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Flat shoulder tool welded plate - Welding defects
Flow lines I - Forging defects
Flow lines II - Forging defects
Flow marks - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Flow marks, crow's feet - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Fluid catalytic cracking-Mounting hardware for instrumentation-Stress corrosion - Corrosion defects
Fluid catalytic cracking-Regenerator-Carbonate stress corrosion cracking - Corrosion defects
Flux inclusion - Hot-dip galvanized coating - Coating defects
Forge burst - Forging defects
Forge crack - Forging defects
Forge lap - Rolling defects, forging defects
Forge laps in AISI 1030 steel - Forging defects
Forge laps in AISI 1045 steel - Forging defects
Forge non-consolidation - Forging defects
Forging burst - Forging defects
Forging burst - Forging defects
Forging bursts - Forging defects
Forging crack - Forging defects
Forging cracks - Forging defects
Forging defects
Forging failure at the outer surface of a round bar - Steel tool defects
Forging lap - Forging defects
Forging lap - Forging defects
Forging lap - Forging defects
Forging lap on ski lift fixed jaw - Tool steel defects
Forging laps in large roll - Forging defects
Fracture face of VLS crack - Rail defects
Fracture in welds because of weld imperfections (Bend test) - Welding defects
Fracture in welds because of weld imperfections (Tension test) - Welding defects
Fracture of high-speed steel bar after single quench - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Fracture of pearlite vs. striations - Fractography
Fracture of railroad rail - Rail defects
Fracture of sensitized 304 stainless steel - Heat treatment defects
Fracture through Sigma phase - Heat treatment defects
Fractured casting - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Fractured pin and gripping cam made from AISI S5 tool steel - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Fractured section of an AISI W2 die insert that cracked during rehardening - Fractography
Fractured section of rail, showing smoothed surface of fractured web - Rail defects
Freckle - ESR ingot defects
Freckle - Ingot defect
Freckles in AL 15-5 stainless steel - Ingot defects
Freon cooling system-Compressor suction pipe-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Friction martensite by a mechanical damage - Heat treatment defects
Friction martensite by scraping - Heat treatment defects
Friction-Induced martensite at adge of cracked air-wear scrap chopper knife - Fractography
Friction-Induced martensite layer at failure of origin in 4485 medart roll - Fractography
Friction-Induced martensite layer on rail head caused spalling - Fractography
Front view of an AISI O1 tool steel die that cracked during oil quenching - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Fused-in extraneous matter - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Fusion - Casting defects
Fusion or melting during heat treatment - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Fusion-line cracks - Welding defects
Galling - Tool steel defects
Gamma layer - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Gas cavities - Casting defects
Gas cooler-Pipe-Chloride attack - Corrosion defects
Gas defects - Casting defects
Gas defects in casting - Casting defects
Gas inclusion - Welding defects
Gas piping system-Wall section-Stress corrosion - Corrosion defects
Gas porosity - Casting defects
Gas supply system-Underground coupling-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Gas supply system-Underground pipe (bitumen-coated)-Stray current corrosion - Corrosion defects
Gas supply system-Underground pipe (wrapped in tape)-Sulphide corrosion - Corrosion defects
Gate on rollers-Tubular railings-Chloride attack - Corrosion defects
Gauge-corner shelling - Rail defects
Gear macro segregation - Ingot defects
Gear tooth profile terminology - Gear defects - Other defects
General corrosion - Pipeline defects
General location local corrosion - Pipeline defects
General location scar - Pipeline defects
Generator rotor shaft - Other defects
Geometrical defects - Pipeline defects
Ghost lines - Ingot defects
Glue plant-Autoclave charge pipe-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Grain boundary carbide networks caused the fracture of this carborized 1035 track wheel - Fractography
Grain boundary carbides in 1.2379 steel - Steel tool defects
Grain boundary damage - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Grain flow lines - Forging
Grain flow lines - Forging defects
Grains become coarse - Forged bar - Forging defects
Graphite degeneration in GJL - Casting defects
Graphite degeneration in GJS - Casting defects
Graphite degeneration of the rim zone of castings made from GJS - Casting defects
Graphite flotation - Casting defects
Grating floors of an outdoor chemical plant- Part of a floor section-Atmospheric corrosion - Corrosion defects
Grey bar - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Grinding burn - Tool steel defects
Grinding cracks - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Grinding cracks - Tool steels - Fractography - Machining defects
Grinding cracks in AISI G-3500 gray iron - Machining defects
Grinding defect - Tool steels - Machining defects
Grinding off - Pipeline defects
Gripper die - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
H2 pores - ESR Ingot defects
H2S stripping tower-Hydrodesulfurisation - Corrosion defects
HF alkylation-Piping-HF stress corrosion cracking - Corrosion defects
Hammer marks - Welding defects
Hard spots - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Hard spots - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Hat crack - Welding defects
Head and web separation - Rail defects
Head check defects - Rail defects
Header die made from AISI Wl tool steel that failed prematurely in service - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Heading die - Tool steels - Fractography
Heat affected zone crack - Welding defects
Heat exchanger-Attacked tube from bundle, with a new tube below it for comparison-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Heat-affected zone microstructure alteration - Welding defects
Heat-checked die - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Heating system (with heating oil)-Valve bolts-Liquid metal embrittlement - Corrosion defects
Heavy case at both the ID and OD - Heat treatment defects
Herringbone, pock mark, mouse footmark - Welding defects
High pressure boiler, fired with heavy oil-Furnace evaporator tube-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
High pressure boiler-Economizer pipe-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
High pressure boiler-Evaporator tube-Intergranular hydrogen attack - Corrosion defects
High temperature oxidation failure of aluminized steel heater tubes - Corrosion defects
High-pressure boiler-Spindle of high-pressure reducing valve for the sampling of boiler water-Erosion - Corrosion defects
High-speed steel (18-4-1 type) wheel-forming tool - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
High-speed steel reamer - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
High-vacuum distillation unit-Furnace tube-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
High-vacuum distillation unit-Process pipe-Sulphide corrosion - Corrosion defects
Hindered contraction - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Hobbing die - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Hobbled bullet - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Holes - Slab defects
Hook crack - Welding defects
Horizontal split head - Rail defects
Horizontal split head - Rail defects
Hot crack (crater crack, longitudinal crack, pear-shape crack, sulfur crack) - Welding defects
Hot crack - Casting defects
Hot crack - Casting defects
Hot cracking - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Hot cracking - Welding defects
Hot cracking of plate during EB welding due to melting of Cu back-up plate macrostructure - Welding defects
Hot cracks - Slab defects
Hot cracks in macrosection of SA-Weld - Welding defects
Hot etched bloom longitudinal sections - Slab defects
Hot shortness and burnt - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Hot tapwater system-Electrically heated coil-Stress corrosion (transgranular) - Corrosion defects
Hot tapwater system-Pipe section-Deposit attack - Corrosion defects
Hot tapwater system-Pipe section-Galvanic corrosion by cementation - Corrosion defects
Hot tapwater system-Pipe section-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Hot tapwater system-Pipe sections-Crevice corrosion - Corrosion defects
Hot tapwater system-Pipe-Galvanic corrosion (reversal of potential) - Corrosion defects
Hot tapwater system-Tube (sawn into pieces)-Galvanic corrosion (reversal of potential) - Corrosion defects
Hot tapwater system-Underground pipe section-Stray current corrosion - Corrosion defects
Hot tapwater system-Wall of hot water storage tank-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Hot tear - Casting defects
Hot tear - Ingot defect
Hot tear - Ingot defects
Hot tear in heat-affected zone of MIG welded HY-80 plate - Welding defects
Hot tear segregation - Slab defects
Hot tearing - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Hot tears - Casting defects
Hot tears - Casting defects
Hot tears - Ingot defects
Hot top cavity - ESR ingot defects
Hot top design and its influence on feeder channel segregates in 100-ton steel ingot - Ingot defects
Hot water heating system (8 bar, 170°C)-Three-way valve positioned in the return pipe of steam generator at the bypass junction-Cavitation - Corrosion defects
Hot water system, 160 C-Heating tube from make-up water vessel-Galvanic corrosion (reversal of potential) - Corrosion defects
Hot-rolled strip - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Hydrochloric acid transport pipe-Metal strengthener around plastic bellows-Stress corrosion - Corrosion defects
Hydrodesulfurizer unit-Gas oil heater-Creep and cracks - Corrosion defects
Hydrofluoric alkylation plant-Wall-Cold hydrogen attack - Corrosion defects
Hydrogen assisted cold crack - Welding defects
Hydrogen assisted cracking - Casting defects
Hydrogen blister in structural web steel - Fractography
Hydrogen embrittlement - Fractography
Hydrogen embrittlement - Other defects
Hydrogen embrittlement, delayed fractures - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Hydrogen embrittlement Failure of a rocket suspension lug - Fractography
Hydrogen flake in 34CrNiMo6 steel - Forging defects
Hydrogen flakes - Ingot defects
Hydrogen flakes - Forging defects
Hydrogen flakes I - Ingot defects
Hydrogen flakes II - Ingot defects
Hydrogen flakes in 4142 screw shaft - Fractography
Hydrogen flakes on 4140 alloy steel plate (flame cut) - Fractography
Hydrogen induced HAZ cracking - Welding defects
Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) - Welding defects
Hydrogen pinholes - Casting defects
Hydrogen-induced cracking - Other defects
Hydrogen-induced cracks - Heavy plate defects - Rolling defects
Impact load - Cracks and chips - Bearing defects
Impact load - Retainer broken - Bearing defects
Impact load - Seizure caused by chios and ribs - Bearing defects
Improper EDM caused failure of this AISI A2 blanking die - Machining defects
Improper grain flow - Forging defects
Improper shrinkage allowance - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Improper steel chemistry - Other defects
Improper steel chemistry - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Improper weld contour - Welding defects
Inadequate joint penetration - Welding defects
Incipient melting - Heat treatment defects
Incipient melting at the grain boundaries - Forging defects
Incipient melting of M2 high-speed steel - Heat treatment defects
Inclusion - Slab defects
Inclusion of foreign metal - Casting defects
Inclusion of foreign metal - Casting defects
Inclusion stringers - Blue fracture test - Heat treatment defects
Inclusions (slag, wagontracks, tungsten) - Welding defects
Inclusions - Forging defects
Inclusions - Welding defects
Inclusions - Welding defects
Inclusions – sand - Casting defects
Inclusions – slag - Casting defects
Incomplete & excessive penetration - Welding defects
Incomplete casting - Casting defects
Incomplete forging penetration - Forging defects
Incomplete fusion - Welding defects
Incomplete fusion - Welding defects
Incomplete fusion - Welding defects
Incomplete fusion - Welding defects
Incomplete joint penetration - Welding defects
Incomplete or insufficient penetration - Welding defects
Incomplete or insufficient penetration - Welding defects
Induction hardening of gear teeth - Heat treatment defects
Influence of torch position on formation of lack of fusion I - Welding defects
Influence of torch position on formation of lack of fusion II - Welding defects
Ingate hot crack - Casting defects
Ingot cracks - Ingot defects
Ingot head formation - Ingot defect
Ingot head tension crack - Ingot defects
Ingot pattern and pits - Forging defects
Ingot segregations - Ingot defects
Insufficient Through-Hardening - Heat treatment defects
Insufficient austenitization at the quenching - Heat treatment defects
Insufficient cleaning - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Insufficient fill - Welding defects
Insufficient fill on the root side (suckback) - Welding defects
Insufficient fill or under fill - Welding defects
Inter-dendritic crack in continuous casting slab - Slab defects
Intercrystalline crack - Rolling defects
Interdendritic microsegregation - Slab defects
Intergranular SCC in 304 stainless steel - Fractography
Intergranular SCC in 4340 alloy steel - Corrosion defects
Intergranular corrosion - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Intergranular fracture of Ni-base alloy - Fractography
Intergranular rinsing load fracture - Fractography
Intermediate cracks - Slab defects
Internal LME during hot rolling of this high-Cu bearing structural steel I - Rolling defects
Internal LME during hot rolling of this high-Cu bearing structural steel II - Rolling defects
Internal and central cracks - Slab defects
Internal cracking in over-heated 4147 modified compressor disc - Forging defects
Internal defect in rolled part - Rolling defects
Internal defects - Slab defects
Internal defects in continuously cast products - Slab defects
Internal or blind shrinkage - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Internal quality - Slab defects
Internal shrinkage cavities - Casting defects
Internal shrinkage cavity/micro shrinkage cavity - Casting defects
Internal slab defects - Causes - Slab defects
Internal surface of tube showing oval-shaped replacement window welded into place - Welding defects - Corrosion defects
Internal sweating, phosphide sweat - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Internal sweating, cold short, short iron - Casting defects
Interrupted pour - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Interruption in the physical continuity of the slab casting
Inverse chill - Casting defects
Iron beans - Casting defects
Irregular contraction - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Isolated slag inclusions - Welding defects
Joint flash or fins - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Ketchup plant-Part of cast pump casing-Chloride attack - Corrosion defects
Ketchup plant-Product pipelines-Stress corrosion (transgranular) - Corrosion defects
Knob - Pipeline defects
LME of 1072 axle by copper - Fractography
Laboratory test specimens - Cu induced liquid metal embrittlement - Fractography
Lack of fusion and incomplete penetration - Welding defects
Lack of fusion and penetration - Welding defects
Lack of fusion, insufficient through-weld - Welding defects
Lack of fusion, lack of penetration or excess penetration - Welding defects
Lack of penetration - Welding defects
Lack of penetration in a welded tube - Welding defects
Lack of penetration in a welded tube - Welding defects
Lactic acid storage tank-Base (with drain)-Deposit attack - Corrosion defects
Lamella crack formation through welding shrinkage - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing in the heat-affected zone of a C-Mn steel - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing in the heat-affected zone of a C-Mn steel corner joint - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing of structural steel - Welding defects
Lamination - Other defects
Laminations - Welding defects
Lap in 8 Lb sledge – AISI S4 tool steel - Fractography
Lap, seams, freckle defects - Forging defects
Lapped grinding II - Pipeline defects
Laps - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Laps and folds - Forging defects
Large Non-metallic inclusions - Generator rotor shaft - Forging defects
Large brittle fracture of steel part - Fractography
Large slag line - 1.5919 steel - Cold drawing defects
Large voids - Slab defects
Lateral wear - Rail defects
Lead dross - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Lightning arrester pole - Fractography
Line spall in haedened steel roll - Fractography
Linear misalignment - Welding defects
Linear slag inclusions - Welding defects
Liquid penetrant test - Ingot defects
Load breakage - Tool steel defects
Localized melting at the surface of a part made from AISI M2 tool steel - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Longitudinal central crack of type II - Slab defects
Longitudinal corrosion - Pipeline defects
Longitudinal crack - Welding defects
Longitudinal depression - Slab defects
Longitudinal scar - Pipeline defects
Longitudinal vs. transverse cracks - Welding defects
Loran tower eyebolt failure - Fractography
Low hardening temperature I - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Low hardening temperature II - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Low hardness in a cut workpiece - Machining defects
Lustrous carbon - Casting defects
Lustrous carbon films, or kish tracks - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Lustrous carbon inclusions - Mould - Casting defects
MIG fusion welds in ASTM A517 steel using three different heat inputs
MT inspection of head check - Rail defects
Macro segregation - 500 kg ingot - Ingot defects
Macro segregation - Rolling defects
Macro segregation in ingots - Ingot defects
Macro- or microshrinkage, shrinkage porosity, leakers - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Macro-segregation - Ingot defects
Macroetch features of consumable electrode remelted steels - ESR ingot defects
Macroetch showing decarburized surface of steel bar - Forging defects
Macroetched (10% aqueous nitric acid) face of a cutter blade made from AISI S7 steel - Fractography
Macrographs of bloom cross section - Slab defects
Macroporosity - Casting defects
Macroscale fractographic features - Other defects
Macroscopic features in continuously cast metals - Slab defects
Macroscopic features in wrought ingot products - Forging defects
Macroscopic metallic inclusions - ESR ingot defects
Macrosegregation - Ingot defects
Macrosegregation and shrinkage cavity - Ingot defects
Macrosegregation in steel ingot - Ingot defects
Macrosegregation in steel strands and ingots - Ingot defects
Macrostructure - Ingot defects
Macrostructure - Welding defects
Macrostructure and hardness of MIG welds in ASTM A36 and A517 structural steels
Macrostructure and microstructure of a spot weld in carbon sheet steel
Macrostructure martensitic chromium steel with and without stirring - Slab defects
Macrostructure observed by with ultrasonic treatment - Ingot defects
Macrostructure of 1000-ton ingot - Ingot defects
Macrostructure of ESR ingot - ESR ingot defects
Macrostructure of a hydrogen-induced root crack in the heat-affected zone of a weld in an Fe-0.2%C-1.43%Mn-0.15%Si-0.015%Nb steel
Macrostructure of the crosswise - Slab defects
Macrostructure of the slab before and after the adjustment of the secondary cooling - Slab defects
Macrostructure of the three MIG welds in ASTM A517 steel - Welding defects
Macrostructure of transverse billet section of 15-5PH steel - Ingot defects
Macrostructure of welds - Welding defects
Macrostructures - Slab defects
Macrostructures of a round section of AISI 304 grade (with and without EMS) - Slab defects
Manganese oil-hardening steel die which cracked in heat—treatment - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Mannesmann effect - Rolling defects
Mannesmann ratings - Slab defects
Mannesmann ratings chart - Slab defects
Manufacturing defect leading to fracture - Rail defects
Marginal and central internal fissures - Slab defects
Marks - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Massive fracture along weld bead resulting from weld-related graphitization - Welding defects - Corrosion defects
Massive free carbides - Casting defects
Material breaks at the drawing - 1.2249 steel - Cold drawing defects
Matrix deviation in castings made from GJS - Casting defects
Mechanical damage - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Mechanical pore formation - Welding defects
Melt-through - Welding defects
Mercaptan transport system-Pipe section-Corrosion underneath insulation - Corrosion defects
Metal embrittlement - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Metal expansion penetration - Casting defects
Metal expansion penetration - Casting defects
Metal penetration - Casting defects
Metal penetration - Casting defects
Metal penetration - Casting defects
Metal penetration - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Metal penetration - Mould - Casting defects
Metallic inclusions - Ingot defects
Metallic inclusions - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Metallographic section from the AISI P20 mold - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Metallurgical anomalies - Pipeline defects
Micro cracking - Rolling defects
Micro shrinkage cavity with oxide layers (draw) - Casting defects
Micro-cavities - Mould - Casting defects
Micro-cracked chrome layer - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Micro-shrinkage - Slab defects
Microcracks - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Microscale fractography features - Other defects
Microstructural characteristics of overheating - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Microstructure deformation by scalping - Machining defects
Microstructure of DSS 329 mod. - Heat treatment defects
Microstructure of the weld - 20Cb3 Austenitic stainless steel
Microstructure of the weld in a spot weld made in deep-drawing quality C –Mn sheet steel
Microstructures of the weld - 17-7PH stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - 312 stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - 350 MPaHSLA sheet steel
Microstructures of the weld - 439 ferritic stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - 7-Mo PLUS duplex stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - 8620 alloy steel
Microstructures of the weld - AH-36 ship steel
Microstructures of the weld - AISI 1018 and 1045 carbon steels
Microstructures of the weld - AISI 1018 carbon steel
Microstructures of the weld - AL6XN austenitic stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - C – Mn sheet steel
Microstructures of the weld - Carbon steel
Microstructures of the weld - Carbon steel
Microstructures of the weld - Carbon steel T-shaped weld
Microstructures of the weld - HSLA-100 plate steel
Microstructures of the weld - Laser welds in sheet steel
Microstructures of the weld - Low carbon and HSLA steels
Microstructures of the weld - Martensitic stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - SAE 1006 carbon steel
Microstructures of the weld - SAE 1020 carbon steel
Midway cracks - Slab defects
Milk products storage and distribution system-Conveyor plate-Attack by alkaline water - Corrosion defects
Milling cutters - Tool steels - Fractography
Mini-spanglizer - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Misalignment (hi-lo) - Welding defects
Misalignment (hi-lo) - Welding defects
Mismatch - Casting defects
Mismatch - Casting defects
Mismatch in core/shifted core - Casting defects
Mismatch in core/shifted core - Casting defects
Mismatch in mold - Casting defects
Mismatch in mold - Casting defects
Misrun - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Misrun - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Mn segregation in 4340 VAR steel - Ingot defects
Modes of gear failures - Gear defects - Other defects
Moil point made of AISI Wl tool steel that exhibited a rough, scaled surface after heat treatment - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Mold drop - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Mold drop or sticker - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Mothball defects - Other defects
Multiple stage ruptures - Rail defects
Network cracks - Slab defects
Network cracks - Slab defects
Network cracks - Slab defects
Network cracks in zinc coatings - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Nitric acid condenser-Condenser tubes-Intergranular corrosion internally, crevice corrosion externally - Corrosion defects
Nitric acid plant-Vessel wall section (on both sides)-Weld decay (intergranular corrosion near the weld) - Corrosion defects
Nitriding - Heat treatment defects
Nitrogen pinholes - Casting defects
No heat treatment - Heat treatment defects
Nomenclature of rail - Rail defects
Non-metallic inclusion - Forged bar - Forging defects
Non-metallic inclusions - ESR ingot defects
Non-metallic inclusions - Ingot defects
Non-metallic inclusions - Slab defects
Non-metallic inclusions - Slab defects
Non-metallic inclusions - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Non-uniform heat transfer - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Non-uniform heat transfer - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Non-uniform heat transfer in AISI 1045 steel - Heat treatment defects
Non-uniform heating - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Non-uniform heating of AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Normal growth patterns - Rail defects
Oil cooler-Heat exchanger plates-Crevice corrosion - Corrosion defects
Oil distillation plant-Column wall-Corrosion underneath insulation - Corrosion defects
Once-through cooling system-Flange from conveyor line-Sulphide corrosion - Corrosion defects
Once-through cooling water system-Heat exchanger-Galvanic corrosion (with general corrosion and crevice corrosion) - Corrosion defects
Open center condition - Slab defects
Open or external shrinkage - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Open pipe condition and segregation - Forging defects
Orange peel - Slab defects
Orange peel, metal mold reaction, alligator skin - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Ordinary break - Rail defects
Oscillation marks - Slab defects
Other defect - Slab defects
Oval bars - Slab defects
Ovality - Pipeline defects
Overcooling - Slab defects
Overheated V-Nb plate steel - Fractography
Overheated material - Heat treatment defects
Overheating test series ASTM A508 class II forging grade - Fractography - Forging defects
Overlap - Welding defects
Overlap - Welding defects
Oxide and slag inclusions, nonmetallic inclusions - Casting defects
Oxide and slag inclusions, nonmetallic inclusions - Casting defects
Oxide inclusion or skins, seams - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Oxide scale - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Oxide skin - Casting defects
Oxygen activity in the ladle on ingot-surface blowholes of rimmed steel - Ingot defects
Oxygen activity in the ladle on ingot-surface blowholes of rimmed steel II - Ingot defects
PVC plant-Process pipeline-Stress corrosion (transgranular) underneath insulation - Corrosion defects
Paper mill-Pulp transport pipeline-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Partial renewed formation of pearlite - Heat treatment defects
Partially hardened core microstructure - Heat treatment defects
Pattern error - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Pattern mounting error - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Peeling - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Pencil-point shaped fracture - Fractography
Penetration - Mould - Casting defects
Pickling blisters - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Pickling corrosion - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Pimples - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Pin hole porosity - Casting defects
Pin holes - Slab defects
Pin holes - Slab defects
Pinch-roll cracks - Slab defects
Pinhole - Casting defects
Pinholes - Casting defects
Pinholes - Mould - Casting defects
Pipe - Ingot defects
Pipe - Ingot defects
Pipe - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Pipe and porosity - Ingot defects
Pipe lamination - Rolling defects
Pipe steel centerline defect in wrought steel bar - Forging defects
Piped rail - Rail defects
Piped rail - Rail defects
Pits on polished face of AISI A2 tool steel mold - Polishing defects
Pits on polished face of AISI A2 tool steel mould - Polishing defects
Pitting corrosion - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Pitting on mold cavity - Tool steel defects
Planner discontinuities - Pipeline defects
Plastic flow and tongue lipping - Rail defects
Plastic mold die made from AISI S7 tool steel that was found to be cracked before use - Machining defects - Fractography
Platformer-Ball valve-Erosion - Corrosion defects
Platformer-Ballast plate-Hot hydrogen attack (decarburization) - Corrosion defects
Platformer-T-piece (3”/4”)-Fatigue - Corrosion defects
Pneumatic chisel - Tool steels - Fractography
Pneumatic chisel - Tool steels - Fractography
Pneumatic descaling chisel - Tool steels - Fractography
Pneumatic rivet set - Tool steels - Fractography
Poor bath management - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Poor design - Tool steels - Fractography
Poor design - Tool steels - Fractography
Poor welding - Casting defects
Pores at ingot base - Ingot defects
Pores in PM steel - Tool steel defects
Pores in an austenitic stainless steel weld - Welding defects
Pores in the core - 1.2379 steel - Cold drawing defects
Pores in the core - Ingot defects
Porosity (blowhole) - Welding defects
Porosity (center porosity) - Forged bar - Forging defects
Porosity (pit) - Welding defects
Porosity (single pore, uniformly scattered, cluster, linear, piping) - Welding defects
Porosity - Casting defects in the block window I - Casting defects
Porosity - Casting defects in the block window II - Casting defects
Porosity - Ingot defects
Porosity - Ingot defects
Porosity - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Porosity - Slab defects
Porosity - Welding defects
Porosity - Welding defects
Porosity - Welding defects
Porosity - Welding defects
Porosity - Welding defects
Porosity and segregation - Ingot defects
Porosity and slag - Welding defects
Porosity in AISI 8630 cast steel - Casting defects
Porous areas - Ingot defects
Portion of an AISI A8 ring forging that cracked (arrows) after forging and annealing - Forging defects - Fractography
Possible defect types - Pipeline defects
Post hot-dipping treatment - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Post-deformation flake formation - ESR ingot defects
Post-deformation flake formation - Ingot defects
Poured short - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Powder in the macro-inclusion - Slab defects
Power station condenser-Step inside water header-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Power station cooling system-Sieve from steam condenser cooling water system-Crevice corrosion - Corrosion defects
Predicted shrinkage porosity with the experimental sectioning - Ingot defects
Premature tempering accounted for the cracking during treatment of this 21-in.-OD ring die - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Preventive grinding to limit crack depth - Rail defects
Primary chill - Casting defects
Primary ferrite precipitations - Ingot defects
Primary grain boundary fracture - Casting defects
Prior steel structure - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Prior steel structure of AISI 403 stainless steel - Heat treatment defects
Product storage tank-Bottom plate-Sulphide corrosion - Corrosion defects
Product transport system-Pipe-Stress corrosion - Corrosion defects
Production plant-Welded bend in steam coil-Weld decay (intergranular corrosion near the weld) - Corrosion defects
Profile of tube wall showing unfused fissure remaining after weld repair - Welding defects - Corrosion defects
Pull-out of surface - Machining defects
Pump-roller bearing-False brinelling - Corrosion defects
Punch - Tool steels - Fractography
Punch made of AISI S7 tool steel that cracked during quenching - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Punches, 2 1/4-in,-diam - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Puncture or leak - Pipeline defects
Push-up, clamp-off - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Quench crack at fillet radius in AISI 4142 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack in AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack in AISI 4340 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack in AISI 5160 part - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack in W2 Water-Hardening part - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack initiating from machine groove in AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack propagating from machine burr in AISI 4118 carbonized steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Quench cracking - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Quench cracking promoted by Non-metallic inclusions in AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench cracks - Casting defects
Quench cracks - Heat treatment defect
Quench cracks - Heat treatment defects
Quench cracks - Heat treatment defects
Quench stress cracking of 1.2343 steel - Steel tool defects
Quenching crack - Heat treatment defects
Quenching crack - Tool steels - Fractography
Quenching crack - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Quenching crack I - Heat treatment defects
Quenching crack II - Heat treatment defects
Quenching crack III - Heat treatment defects
Rail batter - Rail defects
Rail batter - Rail defects
Rail-ending blade - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Railroad axle - Friction bearing overheat causing LME - Fractography
Raised core or mold element cutoff - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Raised mold defect - Casting defects
Raised sand - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Ramoff, ramaway - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Rapid grown patterns - Rail defects
Rat tail - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Rating chart for the macroscopic evaluation of the corrosive attack - Tool steel defects
Re-Austentized regions at spalls - Fractography
Re-hardened bearing steel - Bearing defects
Reactor-nut with bolt-Hydrogen embrittlement - Corrosion defects
Refuse incinerator-ERW (electric resistance welded) furnace tube-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Regular buckle - Pipeline defects
Reheat cracking - Welding defects
Reheat cracking - Welding defects
Reheat cracking - Welding defects
Reinforcement - Welding defects
Removing a root pass by grinding - Welding defects
Renewed formation of bainite - Heat treatment defects
Renewed formation of pearlite - Heat treatment defects
Renewed formation of pearlite at the spheroidising - Heat treatment defects
Residual stress - Heat treatment defects
Residual stress caused by machining - Machining defects
Residual stress due to heating and cooling - Heat treatment defects
Residual stress in forgings - Forging defects
Residual stress in induction hardening - Heat treatment defects
Residual stress patterns due to thermal and transformation volume changes - Heat treatment defects
Residual stresses in forging - Forging defects
Residual stresses in forging - Forging defects
Restart porosity - Welding defects
Retained austenite - Heat treatment defects
Retained austenite in 1.2379 and 1.2343 steels - Steel tool defects
Reverse detail fracture - Rail defects
Reverse detail fracture - Rail defects
Reversed bending fatique railroad coupling pins - Fractography
Rhomboidity - Slab defects
Ridges and furrows - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Ring pattern and pits - ESR ingot defects
Risen ingot - Ingot defects
Riser-contact cracks - Casting defects
Roll burst - Rolling defects
Roll marks - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Rolled-in extraneous matter - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Roller pressing - Slab defects
Rolling contact fatigue defects - Rail defects
Rolling imperfection or angularity - Pipeline defects
Rolling ingot defect chart - Ingot defects
Root and toe cracks - Welding defects
Root concavity - Welding - Coating defects
Root concavity - Welding defects
Root crack - Welding defects
Rotary slitter knife - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Rotating torsional fatigue of 4320 shaft - Fractography
Rough casting surface - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Rough coatings - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Rough-machined EDM surface - Orvar 2 steel - EDM machining defects
Ruck - Pipeline defects
Runner block made from a proprietary hot-work tool steel that was used to die cast aluminum transmission case covers - Fractography
Runout - Casting defects
Runout - Casting defects
Runout - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Rupture - Pipeline defects
S7 angle shear blade - Grinding cracks - Machining defects
SCC failures of ASTM A325 bolts in piscataqua bridge - Fractography
SCC in 4340 in salt water - Fractography
Salt pots - Other defects
Sand inclusion - Casting defects
Sand inclusions - Casting defects
Sand inclusions - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Sand inclusions - Mould - Casting defects
Sand traps - Casting defects
Sand traps - Casting defects
Scabbing - Casting defects
Scabbing - Mould - Casting defects
Scabs, expansion scabs - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Scale pits - Forging defects
Scale pits with grain boundary oxidation - 1.4303 steel - Cold drawing defects
Scaling - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Scarred surface - Mould - Casting defects
Schematic for lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Schematic showing the relationship of welding temperatures to the Fe-C phase diagram
Schematic showing the terminology for various regions of weldments - Welding defects
Schematic showing the weld, heat-affected zone and base metal microstructure - Welding defects
Schematic type and location cracks defects, related to continuous casting of steel - Slab defects
Scratch from cold rolling mill - Stainless steel defects - Rolling defects
Scratches on the rolled surface - Rolling defects
Scum defects - Casting defects
Scum eye - Casting defects
Seam - Rolling defects
Seam flaw - Rolling defects
Seam flaw on the AISI 1040 steel bar - Ingot defects
Seam in a forged pitman in arm - Forging defects
Seams - Rolling defects
Seams or scars - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Section from a spark-machined surface showing changes in structure - Rigor tool steel - EDM machining defects
Section size - Heat treatment defects
Segregate-free, martensite-free 4615 modified that extruded wthout failures - Drawing defects
Segregation - Ingot defects
Segregation (square segregation) - Forged bar - Forging defects
Segregation - Drawing defects
Segregation in 3 x 4-in. bar of carbon tool steel - Ingot defects
Segregation lines - Slab defects
Segregation lines and longitudinal corner crack - Slab defects
Segregation spots - Slab defects
Segregation streaks with Sigma phase - Ingot defects
Segregation with cementite accumulation - Ingot defects
Segregations - Ingot defects
Segregations - Ingot defects
Sensitization of austenitic stainless steel - Corrosion defects
Severe decarburization - Rolling defects
Severe roughness, high pressure molding defect - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Severity of quench - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Sewage treatment plant-Aeration tank distributor pieces-Deposit attack - Corrosion defects
Sewage treatment plant-Worm of worm gear pump-Chloride attack and erosion - Corrosion defects
Shape defects - Welding defects
Sharp buckle - Pipeline defects
Sharp corners - Tool steels - Fractography
Sharp corners - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Shear break - Rail defects
Shear break - Rail defects
Shearing - Forging defects
Shelling - Rail defects
Shelling and underneath shelling - Rail defects
Shells and scales - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Shift - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Shifted core - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Ship steel drop-weight test fractures - Fractography
Short pitch corrugation - Rail defects
Shrink hole - 1.4301 steel - Cold drawing defects
Shrink hole - Ingot defects
Shrink hole with scale - 1.2343 steel - Cold drawing defects
Shrink hole with scale - Ingot defects
Shrinkage - Forged bar - Forging defects
Shrinkage - Ingot defects
Shrinkage - Ingot defects
Shrinkage - Casting defects
Shrinkage - Casting defects
Shrinkage - Casting defects
Shrinkage - Casting defects
Shrinkage - Heavy plate defects - Rolling defects
Shrinkage - Slab defects
Shrinkage and the macrostructure - Casting defects
Shrinkage cavities - Casting defects
Shrinkage cavities - Casting defects
Shrinkage cavity - Casting defects
Shrinkage cavity - ESR Ingot defects
Shrinkage cavity - Slab defects
Shrinkage in spheroidal casting - Casting defects
Shrinkage porosity - Casting defects
Shrinkage porosity - Casting defects
Shrinkage porosity - Casting defects
Shrinkage porosity - Defect characterization - Casting defects
Shrinkage values of T-Joints with various joint shapes - Welding defects
Shrinkage voids - Casting defects
Si-Mn-Mo tie plate punches - Heat treatment defects
Si-Mn-Mo tie plates punches - Heat treatment defects
Sigma-Phase embrittlement of duplex stainless steel weld metal - Fractography
Sink marks, draw or suck-in - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Sink-Roll growth - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Sinks - Casting defects
Size or dimension - Welding defects
Skewed ingot head - Ingot defects
Slab macrostructures - Slab defects
Slag blowhole defect - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Slag blowholes - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Slag inclusion - Casting defects
Slag inclusion - Casting defects
Slag inclusion - Stainless steel defects - Rolling defects
Slag inclusion - Welding defects
Slag inclusion - Welding defects
Slag inclusion defect - Casting defects
Slag inclusions - Casting defects
Slag inclusions - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Slag inclusions - Mould - Casting defects
Slag inclusions - Welding defects
Slag inclusions - Welding defects
Slag scars (dross) - Casting defects
Slag, dross or flux inclusions, ceroxides - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Slags - Ingot defects
Sliver - AISI 1050 steel - Slab defects
Sliver - Low carbon steel - Rolling defects
Slivers - Rolling defects
Slivers and cracks - Drawing defects
Slivers, cracks, blowholes - Wire-rod - Rolling defects
Snaky coating - Galvanizing - Coating defects
Soda solution transport system-Pipe bend-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Soft arcing - ESR ingot defects
Soft or insufficient ramming, mold-wall movement - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Soft steel washers - Tool steels - Fractography
Soldering, die erosion - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Solid inclusions - Welding defects
Solidification cracking - Welding defects
Solidification cracking - Welding defects
Solidification macrostructure - Casting defects
Solidification structure - 303 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 303 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 304 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 316 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 316 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 416 martensitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 416 martensitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 ferritic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 ferritic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 ferritic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 ferritic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 stainless steel
Solidification structure - Fe-52% Ni alloy
Solidification structure - Ingot defects
Solidification structure - Ni-base eutectic alloy
Solidification white spots - VAR IN-718 alloy - Ingot defects
Some forging defects - Forging defects
Some typical slab casting defects - Slab defects
Spalled corners - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Spalled section of hardened steel roll - Fractography
Spatter - Welding defects
Spilt steel - Ingot defects
Spiral corrosion - Pipeline defects
Split end
Split web - Rail defects
Sprinkler (extinguisher) system (wet)-Pipe section-Sulphide corrosion - Corrosion defects
Squat defect with developed transverse crack - Rail defects
Squat defects - Rail defects
Squeezed out bubble - Casting defects
Stainless steel (AISI 304)-Textile steamer-Guide bar in textile conveyor system - Corrosion defects
Star-pattern, dendritic structure, center porosity - Slab defects
Starting area of forging burst - Forging defects
State of solidification of a small ingot - Ingot defects
Steam condensate system (15 bar)-Condensate pipe-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system (4 bar)-Header from air heater-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system (of 13 bar steam supply)-Horizontal condensate pipe-Carbonic acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Air heater tubes-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Condensate pipe-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Condensate pump impeller-Cavitation - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Element from air heater and steam trap-Carbonic acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Float ball from heat exchanger steam trap-Oxygen attack - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Horizontal condensate pipe and deposits in a condensate pipe-Carbonic acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Pipe of air heater used as steam cooler-Cavitation - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Pipe-Corrosion underneath insulation - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Uninsulated pipeline-Stress corrosion (transgranular) - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Uninsulated underground pipeline-Stress corrosion (transgranular) - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Upper part of horizontal condensate pipe- Cavitation - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Valve from condensate pipe-Galvanic corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steam condensate system-Vertical element from air heater (before and after sawing through)-Carbonic acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steam pipe-Flange-Stress corrosion (transgranular) - Corrosion defects
Steam system (7 bar)-Steam control valve-Consequence of excessive pick-up of magnetite - Corrosion defects
Steam system (low pressure)-Steam pipe section-Intergranular stress corrosion (caustic embrittlement) - Corrosion defects
Steam system-Bend in steam pipe-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steam system-Valve bolts-Stress corrosion - Corrosion defects
Steel plate bending - Rolling defects
Sticking points - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Stirring intensity - Slab defects
Stoma - Casting defects
Strain pattern - Other defects
Streaks and sags - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Stress corrosion crack - Pipeline defects
Stress cracking during heating - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers Fillets - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers Forge Laps - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers Forge laps - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers Rolling seam - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers Rolling seam - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers Rolling seam - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers Threads, gear roots and machining marks - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress-relief cracking of plate in Lehigh restraint test - Other defects
Strip with porosity - 1.2201 steel - Cold drawing defects
Strip with porosity - Ingot defects
Stripper steam system-Distributor pipe-Stress corrosion - Corrosion defects
Strong carbide precipitate - Heat treatment defects
Strong cementite lattice - Heat treatment defects
Strong complete decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Strong core segregation - Heat treatment defects
Strong decarburization at a billet corner - Heat treatment defects
Strong slag line - 1.3520 steel - Cold drawing defects
Strong slag line - 1.4718 steel - Cold drawing defects
Strong surface decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Stronger core segregation - Ingot defects
Structural scheme of the massive forging ingot - Ingot defects
Structure influence by separating - Heat treatment defects
Studs from three railways - Rail defects
Sub surface gas porosity - Welding defects
Sub-surface structure beneath a bloom depression - Periodic bloom surface defect - Slab defects
Sub-surface structure beneath a bloom depression - Slab defects
Subsurface fatique - Bearing defects
Subsurface fatique - Bearing defects
Subsurface initiated fatigue - Bearing defects
Subsurface ladle slag inclusions - Rolling defects
Subsurface non-metallic inclusion - Slab defects
Sudden growth patterns - Rail defects
Sulfur print - Ingot defects
Sulfur print I - Other defects
Sulfur print II - Other defects
Sulfur printing (Baumann's method) - Other defects
Sulfur prints of the longitudinal cross-section of ingots - Ingot defects
Sulphur print - Ingot defects
Sulphur print - Rail defects
Sulphur print of a 71-ton vacuum-cast Ni-Mo-V steel ingo - Ingot defects
Sulphur print of vertical cross-section of rectangular ingot - Ingot defects
Sulphur print of vertical cross-section of rectangular ingot - Ingot defects
Sulphur prints - 15 t ingot - Ingot defects
Sulphuric acid transport system-Flange in pipe-Erosion corrosion - Corrosion defects
Sulphuric acid transport system-Main distribution pipe-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Sulphuric acid transport system-Pipe section-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Sulphuric acid transport system-Valve-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Super-large inclusion - Ingot defects
Surface and subsurface defects - Slab defects
Surface blowholes - Mould - Casting defects
Surface conditions from prior machining will act as stress risers (areas of dimensional changes) - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Surface cracks - Forging defects
Surface cracks - Forging defects
Surface cracks - Slab defects
Surface cracks on continuously cast slabs - Slab defects
Surface decarburisation - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Surface folds, gas runs - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Surface laps - Rolling defects
Surface or subsurface blowholes - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Surface pinholes - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Surface roughness - Mould - Casting defects
Swell - Casting defects
Swelling - Mould - Casting defects
Swells - Casting defects
Tache ovale - Rail defects
Tache ovale defects - Rail defects
Tear-drops - Hot dip galvanizing - Coating defects
Tensile fractures begin internally - Fractography
Tensile test fracture influenced by shrinkage cavities - Fractography
Terminology used to identify defect planes in relation to rail section - Rail defects
The flange edge of a roll made from AISI D2 tool steel that chipped off during its initial use - Fractography
The heat-affected zone is larger than usual - Welding defects
The ingot was free of all defects - ESR ingot defects
The internals defects - Pipeline defects
The mould has run empty - Casting defects
The redistribution of inclusions - Forging defects
The surface of an AISI A4 primer cup plate showing spoiling at one of the 3.2-mm (Vs-in.) diam holes made by EDM - Machining defects - Fractography
Thermal fatigue - Casting defects
Thermal fatigue - Casting defects
Thermally embrittlement Co-Free Vasco T-250 maraging steel I - Fractography
Thermally embrittlement Co-Free Vasco T-250 maraging steel II - Fractography
Thread chaser - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Threaded part made from AISI W2 tool steel that cracked during quenching at an undercut at the base of the threads - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Throat crack - Welding defects
Thumb—nail cracks on the chisel I - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Thumb—nail cracks on the chisel II - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Timber sleeper failure - Rail defects
Toe crack - Welding defects
Toe crack, porosity, slag, hot (solidification) cracks, undercut, hot tears, lack of fusion, micro-fissures, root crack, underbead cracking, lamellar tears - Welding defects
Toe cracks - Welding defects
Torn off of cods and mould edges - Casting defects
Torn wire at the drawing - 1.7176 steel - Cold drawing defects
Torsion twist failure AISI S7 super-duty dragster axle - Heat treatment defects
Torsional fatigue fracture in 51b60 railroad spring - Fractography
Trachoma - Casting defects
Transfer material - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Transformation products occurs during quenching - Heat treatment defects
Transformation temperature range (Ms-Mf) - Heat treatment defects
Transformation temperature range (Ms-Mf) - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Transversal cracks - Hot rolling defects
Transverse crack - Welding defects
Transverse crack orginating at head checks - Rail defects
Transverse cracking - Rail defects
Transverse cracking - Slab defects
Transverse depression - Slab defects
Transverse fissure - Rail defects
Transverse fissure - Rail defects
Transverse fissure - Rail defects
Transverse fissure - Rail defects
Transverse hot tearing - Slab defects
Transverse internal cracks - Slab defects
Transversely cracked ingot head - Ingot defects
Triple point cracks - Slab defects
Tube expansion - Pipeline defects
Two AISI A6 tool steelvparts that shattered during finish (abusive) grinding - Machining defects - Fractography
Two sharp corners - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Two shear knives made from AISI H13 tool steel - Fractography
Type IV cracking observed in a low alloyed 1Cr-0.5Mo pipe - Other defects
Type IV failure in P122 header end cap weld - Other defects
Types of cracks - Welding defects
Typical crack locations in weldments - Welding defects
Typical defects revealed in the forging ingot - Forging defects
Typical examples of broken rails and rail damage - Rail defects
Typical forging defects - Forging defects
Typical forging defects I - Forging defects
Typical forging defects II - Forging defects
Typical forging defects III - Forging defects
Typical rail surface initiated service failure from shelling - Rail defects
Unconsolidated center and halfway cracks - Slab defects
Under- and over-cooling - Slab defects
Under-austenitization - Heat treatment defects
Under-austenitization – L6 punch - Heat treatment defects
Under-austenitized in heat treatment - Tool steel defects
Underbead crack - Welding defects
Underbead cracks - Welding defects
Undercladding cracks - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercutting - Welding defects
Underfill (internal concavity) - Welding defects
Underfill - Welding defects
Underfills - Forging defects
Undesired graphite - Heat treatment defects
Undirectional bending fatique in bolt - Fractography
Uneven hardness defect - Casting defects
Uneven weld ripples - Welding defects
Uneven-leg fillet weld - Welding defects
Unfavorable design - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Unfilled section (unfilling/underfilling) - Forging defects
Uniformly distributed porosity - Welding defects
Unintentional carburization - Heat treatment defects
Unintentional carburization - Heat treatment defects
Unintentional carburization caused this S7 plastic mold die to fail - Fractography
Unusual intergranular fracture in Fe-Cr-Al alloy - Fractography
Unworn coatings - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Ureum stripper-Gas pipe-Stress corrosion (transgranular) - Corrosion defects
V-segregates - Slab defects
Vacuum evaporation system for milk powder manufacture-Pump impeller-Cavitation - Corrosion defects
Veining or finning - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Vertical crack toe of SMAW multi-pass weld - Welding defects
Vertical split head - Rail defects
Vertical split head - Rail defects
Vertical split head - Rail defects
Vertical waste heat boiler of a catalytic cracker-Corrosion defect-Attack due to high alkalinity - Corrosion defects
Very bad annealing structure - Heat treatment defects
Very strong surface decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Void formation around a hard inclusion - Hot rolling defects
Voids - Forging defects
Voids - Slab defects
Voids - Welding defects
Voids in ST52.3 steel - Forging defects
Voids in ST52.3 steel - Forging defects
Warped casting - International classification of common casting defects - Casting defects
Washout/erosion - Casting defects
Waste water pipe-Ball valve ball-Acid corrosion - Corrosion defects
Water supply in a cattle shed-Drinking troughs-White rust - Corrosion defects
Water treatment system (ion exchanger)-Drainage pipe-Chloride attack - Corrosion defects
Wear - Airplane part - Other defects
Wear - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Wear - Tool steel defects
Wear tracks - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Web failure resulting from high residual stress - Rail defects
Weld etching - Welding defects
Weld metal porosity - 22 possible causes of weld metal porosity - Welding defects
Weld reinforcement - Welding defects
Welded burn fracture - Rail defects
Welded burn fracture - Rail defects
Welded defects - Rail defects
Welded defects - Rail defects
Welding - Mast arm - Welding defects
Welding cracks - Welding defects
Welding defects
Welding wire annealing system-Wall of annealing furnace-Carburization - Corrosion defects
Wheel or engine burns - Rail defects
Where do cracks occur? and When do cracks occur? - Casting defects
Whiskers - Welding defects
White band - Slab defects
White layer - Rail defects
Worm holes - Welding defects
Wragge's lead print method - Other defects
Wrinkle - Pipeline defects
Wrong haredening media - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
X-60 line pipe - Pipeline defects - Fractography
YAG laser scribed identification marks - Machining defects
Zero-defect-strategy in the cold rolling industry - Rolling defects

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