Internal Defects

316 Stainless steel crept in air at 685 °C (1265 °F) at a load of 123 MPa (17.9 ksi). Time to rupture 710 h - Fractography
316 Stainless steel crept in air at 770 °C (1420 °F) at a load of 62 MPa (8.95 ksi). Time to rupture 808 h - Fractography
316 Stainless steel crept in air at 800 °C (1470 °F) at a load of 103 MPa (15 ksi). Time to rupture 808 h - Fractography
316L Stainless steel crept in air at 800 °C (1470 °F) at a load of 53 MPa (7.7 ksi). Time to rupture 839 h - Fractography
4375 part failed due to over-austenitization - Fractography
A carbon-rich centerline - Rolling defects
A hydrogen-induced root crack - Welding defects
A2 stamping die – broke due to unintentional carburization - Fractography
AISI Ol tool steel die that cracked during oil quenching - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
AISI W1 piston - Fractography
AISI W2 cold heading die - Fractography
ASTM A 490 high-strength bolts - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
ASTM E381 Standard method for rating macroetched steel
Abnormal nodulizing defect - Casting defects
Abrasive (erosion) wear on the cutting edge of a fine blanking punch - Tool steel defects
Air inclusions - Casting defects
Alligatoring - 9Cr-1Mo steel - Rolling defects
Alligatoring - Rolling defects
Alloy depletion - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy depletion - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy depletion in AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy inclusion defects - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Alloy segregation - Casting defects
Aluminum-nitride cracks - Casting defects
Arc craters - Welding defects
Arc strike - Welding defects
Arc strike cracking - Welding defects
Areas of positive segregation - Forging defects
Axial shrinkage - Casting defects
Bad heat treated structure - Heat treatment defects
Bad spheroidised annealing structure - Heat treatment defects
Barberpole - Heat treatment defects
Base fracture - Rail defects
Base metal discontinuities (lamellar tearing, laminations and delaminations, laps and seams) - Welding defects
Blister defect - Rolling defects
Blow holes - ESR ingot defects
Blow holes - Slab defects
Blow holes - Slab defects
Blowhole segregation at the ingot centre or below the ingot surface - ESR ingot defects
Breaks by an unfavorable microstructure - Heat treatment defects
Brittle (top) and ductile (bottom) fractures - Fractography
Brittle fracture initiated by fatigue - Fractography
Brittle fracture of a railroad rail - Fractography
Broken base - Rail defects
Broken nitrided case - Heat treatment defects
Buckling - Rail defects
Burn-through (non-standard) - Welding defects
Burn-through - Welding defects
CO2 laser versus punched numbers - Machining defects
Camber/swells - Casting defects
Carbide pull-outs - Polishing defects
Carbide segregation - Other defects
Carbon monoxide blowhole - Casting defects
Carbon monoxide pinholes - Casting defects
Carbon segregation map - 3.3 t ingot - Ingot defects
Carburization by soft annealing - Heat treatment defects
Carburizing - Corrosion defects
Case depth too deep - Heat treatment defects
Casting ingot defects - Ingot defects
Casting ingot defects killed and rimmed steels - Ingot defects
Causes of cold crack formation - Welding defects
Center macro-segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline segregation - Slab defects
Centerline shrinkage porosity - Ingot defects
Central bursting (“chevron cracking”) - Rolling defects
Central bursting in 4615 modified ball studs due to segregation - Drawing defects
Central discontinuity - Forging defects
Central porosity - Slab defects
Central porosity - Slab defects
Central seegregation zone - Slab defects
Centre segregation - Slab defects
Centre segregation defect - Slab defects
Changes in volume due to phase transformation - Heat treatment defects
Chemical distribution of the remelted ingot - ESR ingot defects
Chemical segregation - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Chemical segregation - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Chemical segregation AISI 1144 steel - Heat treatment defects
Chemical segregation AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Chevron crack in 4615 modified ball stud due to segregation during extrusion - Fractography
Chevron cracking (central burst) - Extrusion defects
Chevron cracking - Extrusion defects
Classification of cracks to DIN 8524 part 3 - Welding defects
Cleanness I - Ingot defects
Cleavage fracture in carbon steel - Fractography
Cleavage fracture of Fe-2.5% Si steel - Fractography
Coarse carbides by multiple annealing - Heat treatment defects
Coarse grain - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Coarse slag inclusions - ESR ingot defects
Cokey center, pits, and dendritic pattern - Forging defects
Cokey like center - Forging defects
Cold crack - Welding defects
Cold cracking - Casting defects
Cold cracking - Welding defects
Cold cracking of RQC-90 plate - Welding defects
Cold cracks - HSLA-100 steel - Welding defects
Cold etch of disc cut from small ingot - Forging defects
Cold fracture - Casting defects
Cold shut (fold) - Forging defects
Compound fissure - Rail defects
Compound fissure - Rail defects
Compound fissure - Rail defects
Compound fissure - Rail defects
Constrictions - ESR ingot defects
Copper pick-up - Welding defects
Core damage - Casting defects
Core segregation - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Core segregation with primary carbide accumulation - Ingot defects
Core segregation with sulfide accumulation - 1.4105 steel - Cold drawing defects
Core segregation with sulfide accumulation - Ingot defects
Core segregations - ESR ingot defects
Corrosion fatigue - Corrosion defects
Corrosion pit acting as stress concentrator - Corrosion defects
Crack initiated from the rolling seam in AISI 8630 steel - Heat treatment defects
Crack present in hot work die steel before nitriding shown by Macro-Etching - Heat treatment defects
Crack promoted by the seam in AISI type 403 stainless steel - Heat treatment defects
Crack structure double-chrome layer - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Cracking - Welding defects
Cracking by sparking during marking - Machining defects
Cracking found on a grade 91 header after operation for 58.000 hours at 580°C - Other defects
Cracking is promoted by inclusion defects in AISI 1144 steel - Heat treatment defects
Cracking is promoted by inclusion defects in AISI 1144 steel - Heat treatment defects
Cracking is promoted by inclusion defects in AISI 4150 steel - Heat treatment defects
Cracks (longitudinal, transverse, crater, throat, toe, root, underbead and heat-affected zone, hot, cold or delayed) - Welding defects
Cracks - Pipeline defects
Cracks - Rail defects
Cracks and cavities - Welding defects
Cracks by internal defect - 1.4122 steel - Cold drawing defects
Cracks, porosity and macrosegregations - Slab defects
Crater crack - Welding defects
Crater crack - Welding defects
Creep exposed 2 1/4 Cr-1Mo SAW weld - Other defects
Cross section of defect - Rail defects
Cross section of tube showing weld metal - Welding defects - Corrosion defects
D2 steel draw die insert – Incipient melting - Heat treatment defects
Dark rim around both the surface and the crack - Heat treatment defects
Decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Decarburization at heat treated material - Heat treatment defects
Decarburization of hardened 5160 spring steel bar - Front wheel drive - Heat treatment defects
Defective ingot - Ingot defects
Defective ingot blocks - Ingot defects
Defective ingot blocks - Ingot defects
Degenerated pearlite within bainite - Heat treatment defects
Detail fracture (from shelling) - Rail defects
Detail fracture - Rail defects
Detail fracture - Rail defects
Detail fracture from head check - Rail defects
Detail fracture originating from a visible shell - Rail defects
Determination of critical limits of shell deformation (IMC-B-test) - Slab defects
Development of segregation in a killed steel ingot - Ingot defects
Die shift (mismatch) - Forging defects
Dimensional variation - Casting defects
Discrete white spots in AL 15-5 stainless steel - Ingot defects
Displaced segregation - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Distinctive core segregation - Ingot defects
Distortion - Welding defects
Dross - Casting defects
EDM caused defects at holes in this AISI A4 primer cup plate (sectioned) - Machining defects
Effect of EDM on the tool surface - Tool steel defects
Effect of casting speed on solidification structure and central macrosegregation - Slab defects
Effects of hard machining on surface quality of a high-strength tool steel - Tool steel defects
Engine burn - Rail defects
Engine burn - Rail defects
Engine burn fracture - Rail defects
Engine burn fracture - Rail defects
Entrapped gas, heavy segregation, voids, and ingot pattern - Forging defects
Example of measurements of the heat affected zone depth and the depth of weld penetration
Example of measurements of the heat affected zone depth and the depth of weld penetration - Welding defects
Examples of exogenous inclusion such as teeming flux and well block sand - Ingot defects
Excess penetration (burn through) - Welding defects
Excessive penetration - Welding defects
Excessive concavity or convexity - Welding defects
Excessive heating - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Excessive heating of AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Extensive centerline shrinkag - Ingot defects
Extensive segregation - Fractography
Extent of hardening - Heat treatment defects
Extent of the heat-affected zone produced during flame cutting - Heat treatment defects
Failed over-austenitized A2 rotary knife - Fractography
Failed seam welded hot reheat pipe of grade 11 - Other defects
Fatigue crack in 304 stainless steel - Fractography
Fatigue crack in 304 stainless steel - Fractography
Fatigue crack in carbon steel - Fractography
Fatigue failure of eail at FAST - Fractography
Fatigue fracture at a screw - 1.5511 steel - Cold drawing defects
Fatigue fractures and origins - Fractography
Fatigue in 316 SS - Fractography
Ferrite in the heat treated structure - Heat treatment defects
Fisheye - Welding defects
Fisheye I - Fractography
Fisheye II - Fractography
Fisheye IV - Fractography
Fisheye V - Fractography
Flakes - Forged bar - Forging defects
Flakes - Tool steels - Heat treatment defects
Flakes in 34CrNiMo6 steel - Forging defects
Flame impingement – Local melting - Heat treatment defects
Flow lines I - Forging defects
Flow lines II - Forging defects
Forge burst - Forging defects
Forge crack - Forging defects
Forge lap - Rolling defects, forging defects
Forge laps in AISI 1030 steel - Forging defects
Forge laps in AISI 1045 steel - Forging defects
Forge non-consolidation - Forging defects
Forging burst - Forging defects
Forging failure at the outer surface of a round bar - Steel tool defects
Forging lap - Forging defects
Forging lap - Forging defects
Fracture face of VLS crack - Rail defects
Fracture of sensitized 304 stainless steel - Heat treatment defects
Fracture through Sigma phase - Heat treatment defects
Fractured section of rail, showing smoothed surface of fractured web - Rail defects
Freckle - ESR ingot defects
Freckles in AL 15-5 stainless steel - Ingot defects
Friction martensite by a mechanical damage - Heat treatment defects
Friction martensite by scraping - Heat treatment defects
Friction-induced martensite layer at failure of origin in 4485 medart roll - Fractography
Front view of an AISI O1 tool steel die that cracked during oil quenching - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Fused-in extraneous matter - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Fusion-line cracks - Welding defects
Gas inclusion - Welding defects
Gauge-corner shelling - Rail defects
Grain boundary carbides in 1.2379 steel - Steel tool defects
Grain boundary damage - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Grain flow lines - Forging
Grain flow lines - Forging defects
Grains become coarse - Forged bar - Forging defects
Graphite degeneration in GJL - Casting defects
Graphite degeneration in GJS - Casting defects
Graphite degeneration of the rim zone of castings made from GJS - Casting defects
Graphite flotation - Casting defects
Grinding cracks - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Grinding cracks in AISI G-3500 gray iron - Machining defects
H2 pores - ESR Ingot defects
Hammer marks - Welding defects
Hard spots - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Hat crack - Welding defects
Head and web separation - Rail defects
Head check defects - Rail defects
Heat-affected zone microstructure alteration - Welding defects
Heavy case at both the ID and OD - Heat treatment defects
Horizontal split head - Rail defects
Hot crack - Casting defects
Hot crack - Casting defects
Hot cracking - Welding defects
Hot cracking of plate during EB welding due to melting of Cu back-up platemacrostructure - Welding defects
Hot cracks in macrosection of SA-Weld - Welding defects
Hot tear in heat-affected zone of MIG welded HY-80 plate - Welding defects
Hot tear segregation - Slab defects
Hot tears - Casting defects
Hot tears - Ingot defects
Hot top cavity - ESR ingot defects
Hot top design and its influence on feeder channel segregates in 100-ton steel ingot - Ingot defects
Hydrogen induced HAZ cracking - Welding defects
Hydrogen assisted cold crack - Welding defects
Hydrogen assisted cracking - Casting defects
Hydrogen embrittlement - Fractography
Hydrogen flake in 34CrNiMo6 steel - Forging defects
Hydrogen flakes - Forging defects
Hydrogen flakes I - Ingot defects
Hydrogen flakes II - Ingot defects
Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) - Welding defects
Hydrogen pinholes - Casting defects
Improper grain flow - Forging defects
Improper steel chemistry - Other defects
Improper steel chemistry - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Inadequate joint penetration - Welding defects
Incipient melting of M2 high-speed steel - Heat treatment defects
Inclusion - Slab defects
Inclusion of foreign metal - Casting defects
Inclusion of foreign metal - Casting defects
Inclusion stringers - Blue fracture test - Heat treatment defects
Inclusions (slag, wagontracks, tungsten) - Welding defects
Inclusions - Welding defects
Inclusions - Welding defects
Inclusions – sand - Casting defects
Incomplete forging penetration - Forging defects
Incomplete fusion - Welding defects
Incomplete fusion - Welding defects
Incomplete or insufficient penetration - Welding defects
Incomplete or insufficient penetration - Welding defects
Induction hardening of gear teeth - Heat treatment defects
Influence of torch position on formation of lack of fusion I - Welding defects
Influence of torch position on formation of lack of fusion II - Welding defects
Ingot pattern and pits - Forging defects
Ingot segregations - Ingot defects
Insufficient through-hardening - Heat treatment defects
Insufficient austenitization at the quenching - Heat treatment defects
Insufficient fill - Welding defects
Intercrystalline crack - Rolling defects
Interdendritic microsegregation - Slab defects
Intergranular SCC in 304 stainless steel - Fractography
Internal LME during hot rolling of this high-Cu bearing structural steel I - Rolling defects
Internal defects in continuously cast products - Slab defects
Internal shrinkage cavity/micro shrinkage cavity - Casting defects
Internal slab defects - Causes - Slab defects
Internal surface of tube showing oval-shaped replacement window welded into place - Welding defects - Corrosion defects
Inverse chill - Casting defects
Isolated slag inclusions - Welding defects
Lack of fusion and penetration - Welding defects
Lack of fusion and incomplete penetration - Welding defects
Lack of fusion, insufficient through-weld - Welding defects
Lack of fusion, lack of penetration or excess penetration - Welding defects
Lack of penetration in a welded tube - Welding defects
Lack of penetration in a welded tube - Welding defects
Lamella crack formation through welding shrinkage - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing in the heat-affected zone of a C-Mn steel - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing in the heat-affected zone of a C-Mn steel corner joint - Welding defects
Lamellar tearing of structural steel - Welding defects
Laminations - Welding defects
Lap in 8 Lb sledge – AISI S4 tool steel - Fractography
Lap, seams, freckle defects - Forging defects
Large brittle fracture of steel part - Fractography
Large slag line - 1.5919 steel - Cold drawing defects
Lateral wear - Rail defects
Linear slag inclusions - Welding defects
Liquid penetrant test - Ingot defects
Longitudinal crack - Welding defects
Low hardness in a cut workpiece - Machining defects
MIG fusion welds in ASTM A517 steel using three different heat inputs
MT inspection of head check - Rail defects
Macro segregation - 500 kg ingot - Ingot defects
Macro segregation in ingots - Ingot defects
Macroetch features of consumable electrode remelted steels - ESR ingot defects
Macroetch showing decarburized surface of steel bar - Forging defects
Macroscopic features in continuously cast metals - Slab defects
Macroscopic features in wrought ingot products - Forging defects
Macroscopic metallic inclusions - ESR ingot defects
Macrosegregation and shrinkage cavity - Ingot defects
Macrosegregation in steel ingot - Ingot defects
Macrosegregation in steel strands and ingots - Ingot defects
Macrostructure - Welding defects
Macrostructure and hardness of MIG welds in ASTM A36 and A517 structural steels
Macrostructure and microstructure of a spot weld in carbon sheet steel
Macrostructure martensitic chromium steel with and without stirring - Slab defects
Macrostructure observed by with ultrasonic treatment - Ingot defects
Macrostructure of ESR ingot - ESR ingot defects
Macrostructure of a hydrogen-induced root crack in the heat-affected zone of a weld in an Fe-0.2%C-1.43%Mn-0.15%Si-0.015%Nb steel
Macrostructure of the slab before and after the adjustment of the secondary cooling - Slab defects
Macrostructure of the three MIG welds in ASTM A517 steel - Welding defects
Macrostructure of transverse billet section of 15-5PH steel - Ingot defects
Macrostructure of welds - Welding defects
Macrostructures of a round section of AISI 304 grade (with and without EMS) - Slab defects
Mannesmann ratings - Slab defects
Mannesmann ratings chart - Slab defects
Manufacturing defect leading to fracture - Rail defects
Marginal and central internal fissures - Slab defects
Massive fracture along weld bead resulting from weld-related graphitization - Welding defects - Corrosion defects
Massive free carbides - Casting defects
Material breaks at the drawing - 1.2249 steel - Cold drawing defects
Matrix deviation in castings made from GJS - Casting defects
Mechanical pore formation - Welding defects
Melt-through - Welding defects
Metallic inclusions - Ingot defects
Micro shrinkage cavity with oxide layers (draw) - Casting defects
Micro-cracked chrome layer - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Micro-shrinkage - Slab defects
Microcracks - Hard chrome coating - Coating defects
Microstructure deformation by scalping - Machining defects
Microstructure of DSS 329 mod. - Heat treatment defects
Microstructure of the weld - 20Cb3 Austenitic stainless steel
Microstructure of the weld in a spot weld made in deep-drawing quality C –Mn sheet steel
Microstructures of the weld - 17-7PH stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - 312 stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - 350 MPaHSLA sheet steel
Microstructures of the weld - 439 ferritic stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - 7-Mo PLUS duplex stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - 8620 alloy steel
Microstructures of the weld - AH-36 ship steel
Microstructures of the weld - AISI 1018 and 1045 carbon steels
Microstructures of the weld - AISI 1018 carbon steel
Microstructures of the weld - AL6XN austenitic stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - C – Mn sheet steel
Microstructures of the weld - Carbon steel
Microstructures of the weld - Carbon steel
Microstructures of the weld - Carbon steel T-shaped weld
Microstructures of the weld - HSLA-100 plate steel
Microstructures of the weld - Laser welds in sheet steel
Microstructures of the weld - Low carbon and HSLA steels
Microstructures of the weld - Martensitic stainless steel
Microstructures of the weld - SAE 1006 carbon steel
Microstructures of the weld - SAE 1020 carbon steel
Midway cracks - Slab defects
Misalignment (hi-lo) - Welding defects
Mismatch in core/shifted core - Casting defects
Mismatch in core/shifted core - Casting defects
Mismatch in mold - Casting defects
Mn segregation in 4340 VAR steel - Ingot defects
Multiple stage ruptures - Rail defects
Nitriding - Heat treatment defects
Nitrogen pinholes - Casting defects
Nomenclature of rail - Rail defects
Non-metallic inclusions - ESR ingot defects
Non-metallic inclusions - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Non-uniform heat transfer in AISI 1045 steel - Heat treatment defects
Non-uniform heating of AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Non-metallic inclusion - Forged bar - Forging defects
Non-metallic inclusions - Slab defects
Non-metallic inclusions - Slab defects
Non-uniform heat transfer - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Non-uniform heat transfer - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Non-uniform heating - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Normal growth patterns - Rail defects
Open center condition - Slab defects
Open pipe condition and segregation - Forging defects
Ordinary break - Rail defects
Overheated V-Nb plate steel - Fractography
Overlap - Welding defects
Overnitrided surface of 1.2379 steel - Steel tool defects
Partial renewed formation of pearlite - Heat treatment defects
Partially hardened core microstructure - Heat treatment defects
Pinholes - Casting defects
Pipe - Ingot defects
Pipe and porosity - Ingot defects
Pipe steel centerline defect in wrought steel bar - Forging defects
Piped rail - Rail defects
Piped rail - Rail defects
Plastic flow and tongue lipping - Rail defects
Poor welding - Casting defects
Pores in the core - 1.2379 steel - Cold drawing defects
Pores in the core - Ingot defects
Porosity (center porosity) - Forged bar - Forging defects
Porosity (single pore, uniformly scattered, cluster, linear, piping) - Welding defects
Porosity - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Porosity - Welding defects
Porosity - Welding defects
Porosity - Welding defects
Porosity and segregation - Ingot defects
Porosity in AISI 8630 cast steel - Casting defects
Post-deformation flake formation - ESR ingot defects
Post-deformation flake formation - Ingot defects
Powder in the macro-inclusion - Slab defects
Predicted shrinkage porosity with the experimental sectioning - Ingot defects
Primary chill - Casting defects
Primary ferrite precipitations - Ingot defects
Prior steel structure - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Prior steel structure of AISI 403 stainless steel - Heat treatment defects
Profile of tube wall showing unfused fissure remaining after weld repair - Welding defects - Corrosion defects
Quench crack at fillet radius in AISI 4142 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack in AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack in AISI 4340 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack in AISI 5160 part - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack in W2 water-hardening part - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack initiating from machine groove in AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench crack propagating from machine burr in AISI 4118 carbonized steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench cracking promoted by Non-metallic inclusions in AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects
Quench cracks - Casting defects
Quench cracks - Heat treatment defects
Quench stress cracking of 1.2343 steel - Steel tool defects
Quenching crack - Heat treatment defects
Quenching crack - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects
Rail batter - Rail defects
Rapid grown patterns - Rail defects
Re-austentized regions at spalls - Fractography
Reheat cracking - Welding defects
Reheat cracking - Welding defects
Reinforcement - Welding defects
Removing a root pass by grinding - Welding defects
Removing a root pass by grinding - Welding defects
Renewed formation of bainite - Heat treatment defects
Renewed formation of pearlite - Heat treatment defects
Renewed formation of pearlite at the spheroidising - Heat treatment defects
Residual stress - Heat treatment defects
Residual stress caused by machining - Machining defects
Residual stress due to heating and cooling - Heat treatment defects
Residual stress in induction hardening - Heat treatment defects
Residual stress patterns due to thermal and transformation volume changes - Heat treatment defects
Residual stresses in forging - Forging defects
Restart porosity - Welding defects
Retained austenite - Heat treatment defects
Retained austenite in 1.2379 and 1.2343 steels - Steel tool defects
Reverse detail fracture - Rail defects
Reverse detail fracture - Rail defects
Ring pattern and pits - ESR ingot defects
Roll burst - Rolling defects
Root and toe cracks - Welding defects
Root crack - Welding defects
Rotating torsional fatigue of 4320 shaft - Fractography
SCC in 4340 in salt water - Fractography
Scale pits with grain boundary oxidation - 1.4303 steel - Cold drawing defects
Schematic for lamellar tearing - Welding defects
Schematic showing the relationship of welding temperatures to the Fe-C phase diagram
Schematic showing the terminology for various regions of weldments - Welding defects
Schematic showing the weld, heat-affected zone and base metal microstructure - Welding defects
Scum defects - Casting defects
Seams - Rolling defects
Section size - Heat treatment defects
Segregate-free, martensite-free 4615 modified that extruded wthout failures - Drawing defects
Segregation - Ingot defects
Segregation (square segregation) - Forged bar - Forging defects
Segregation - Drawing defects
Segregation in 3 x 4-in. bar of carbon tool steel - Ingot defects
Segregation streaks with Sigma phase - Ingot defects
Segregation with cementite accumulation - Ingot defects
Sensitization of austenitic stainless steel - Corrosion defects
Severity of quench - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Shape defects - Welding defects
Shear break - Rail defects
Shear break - Rail defects
Shelling - Rail defects
Shelling and underneath shelling - Rail defects
Ship steel drop-weight test fractures - Fractography
Short pitch corrugation - Rail defects
Shrink hole - 1.4301 steel - Cold drawing defects
Shrink hole - Ingot defects
Shrink hole with scale - 1.2343 steel - Cold drawing defects
Shrink hole with scale - Ingot defects
Shrinkage - Forged bar - Forging defects
Shrinkage - Casting defects
Shrinkage - Casting defects
Shrinkage - Slab defects
Shrinkage cavity - ESR Ingot defects
Shrinkage cavity - Slab defects
Shrinkage porosity - Casting defects
Shrinkage values of T-Joints with various joint shapes - Welding defects
Si-Mn-Mo tie plate punches - Heat treatment defects
Size or dimension - Welding defects
Slab macrostructures - Slab defects
Slag inclusion - Casting defects
Slag inclusion - Welding defects
Slag inclusion - Welding defects
Slag inclusion defect - Casting defects
Slag inclusions - Welding defects
Solid inclusions - Welding defects
Solidification cracking - Welding defects
Solidification cracking - Welding defects
Solidification macrostructure - Casting defects
Solidification structure - 303 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 303 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 304 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 316 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 316 austenitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 416 martensitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 416 martensitic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 ferritic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 ferritic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 ferritic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 ferritic stainless steel
Solidification structure - 430 stainless steel
Solidification structure - Fe-52% Ni alloy
Solidification structure - Ni-base eutectic alloy
Solidification white spots - VAR IN-718 alloy - Ingot defects
Spatter - Welding defects
Split web - Rail defects
Squat defect with developed transverse crack - Rail defects
Squeezed out bubble - Casting defects
Star-pattern, dendritic structure, center porosity - Slab defects
Strain pattern - Other defects
Stress cracking during heating - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers fillets - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers: Forge laps - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers: Forge laps - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers: Rolling seam - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers: Rolling seam - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers: Rolling seam - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress risers: Threads, gear roots and machining marks - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Stress-relief cracking of plate in Lehigh restraint test - Other defects
Strip with porosity - 1.2201 steel - Cold drawing defects
Strip with porosity - Ingot defects
Strong carbide precipitate - Heat treatment defects
Strong cementite lattice - Heat treatment defects
Strong complete decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Strong core segregation - Heat treatment defects
Strong decarburization at a billet corner - Heat treatment defects
Strong slag line - 1.3520 steel - Cold drawing defects
Strong slag line - 1.4718 steel - Cold drawing defects
Strong surface decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Stronger core segregation - Ingot defects
Structure influence by separating - Heat treatment defects
Studs from three railways - Rail defects
Sub-surface structure beneath a bloom depression - Slab defects
Sudden growth patterns - Rail defects
Sulfur print I - Other defects
Sulfur print II - Other defects
Sulfur printing (Baumann's method) - Other defects
Sulfur prints of the longitudinal cross-section of ingots - Ingot defects
Sulphur print - Ingot defects
Sulphur print - Rail defects
Sulphur print of vertical cross-section of rectangular ingot - Ingot defects
Sulphur print of vertical cross-section of rectangular ingot - Ingot defects
Surface conditions from prior machining will act as stress risers (areas of dimensional changes) - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Surface decarburisation - Wire rod defects - Drawing defects
Swell - Casting defects
Tache ovale - Rail defects
Tensile test fracture influenced by shrinkage cavities - Fractography
Terminology used to identify defect planes in relation to rail section - Rail defects
The heat-affected zone is larger than usual - Welding defects
The ingot was free of all defects - ESR ingot defects
The mould has run empty - Casting defects
The surface of an AISI A4 primer cup plate showing spoiling - Machining defects - Fractography
Thermally embrittlement Co-free Vasco T-250 maraging steel I - Fractography
Threaded part made from AISI W2 tool steel that cracked during quenching - Heat treatment defects - Fractography
Throat crack - Welding defects
Timber sleeper failure - Rail defects
Toe crack - Welding defects
Toe cracks - Welding defects
Torn off of cods and mould edges - Casting defects
Torn wire at the drawing - 1.7176 steel - Cold drawing defects
Transformation products occurs during quenching - Heat treatment defects
Transformation temperature range (Ms-Mf) - Heat treatment defects
Transformation temperature range (Ms-Mf) - Quench cracking - Heat treatment defects
Transversal cracks - Hot rolling defects
Transverse crack - Welding defects
Transverse crack orginating at head checks - Rail defects
Transverse cracking - Rail defects
Transverse fissure - Rail defects
Transverse fissure - Rail defects
Transverse fissure - Rail defects
Transverse fissure - Rail defects
Transverse internal cracks - Slab defects
Triple point cracks - Slab defects
Type IV cracking observed in a low alloyed 1Cr-0.5Mo pipe - Other defects
Typical crack locations in weldments - Welding defects
Typical rail surface initiated service failure from shelling - Rail defects
Unconsolidated center and halfway cracks - Slab defects
Under-austenitization – L6 punch - Heat treatment defects
Under-austenitized in heat treatment - Tool steel defects
Underbead crack - Welding defects
Underbead cracks - Welding defects
Undercladding cracks - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercut - Welding defects
Undercutting - Welding defects
Undesired graphite - Heat treatment defects
Unfilled section (unfilling/underfilling) - Forging defects
Uniformly distributed porosity - Welding defects
Unintentional carburization caused this S7 plastic mold die to fail - Fractography
Vertical split head - Rail defects
Very bad annealing structure - Heat treatment defects
Very strong surface decarburization - Heat treatment defects
Void formation around a hard inclusion - Hot rolling defects
Voids - Welding defects
Voids in ST52.3 steel - Forging defects
Voids in ST52.3 steel - Forging defects
Washout/erosion - Casting defects
Web failure resulting from high residual stress - Rail defects
Weld metal porosity - 22 possible causes of weld metal porosity - Welding defects
Weld reinforcement - Welding defects
Welded burn fracture - Rail defects
Welded burn fracture - Rail defects
Welded defects - Rail defects
Welded defects - Rail defects
Welding cracks - Welding defects
Welding defects
Where do cracks occur? and When do cracks occur? - Casting defects
Whiskers - Welding defects
Worm holes - Welding defects
Wragge's lead print method - Other defects

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