Macro Defects in Steel

Macro Defects

13/3-in.-diam gage - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects.

4.7 t ingot made of 18Kh2N4VA steel - Ingot defects.

4375 part failed due to over-austenitization - Fractography.

A clean break indicates a sudden shockload failure - Gear defects - Other defects.

A crack in the shroud of a low pressure steam turbine - Other defects.

A longitudinal groove on the internal surface along the top of the tub - Corrosion defects.

A rough substrate surface - Galvanizing - Coating defects.

A typical circumferential crack formed during the open-die forging - Ingot defects.

Abrasive wear - Bearing defects.

Acid corrosion at welds - Corrosion defects.

Adhesion failure - Coating defects.

Alligatoring - 9Cr-1Mo steel - Rolling defects.

Alligatoring in a rolled slab - Rolling defects.

Alloy depletion in AISI 4140 steel - Heat treatment defects.

Appearance of 120 ton-class 9CrMoCoB steel of ESR ingot - ESR ingot defects.

Arc damage - Hard chrome plating - Coating defects.

Axial crack I - Bearing defects.

Axial crack II - Bearing defects.

Axial scratches on raceway surface - Bearing defects.

Axial shrinkage - Casting defects.

Bad spheroidised annealing structure - Heat treatment defects.

Barberpole - Heat treatment defects.

Belt pattern of electrical corrosion accompanied by pits on the raceway surface - Bearing defects.

Bending fatigue - Gear defects - Other defects.

Blast furnace gas scrubber-Plate-Carbonic acid corrosion - Corrosion defects.

Blisters - Heavy plate defects - Rolling defects.

Blow holes - Rolling defects.

Blow holes and open blow - Casting defects.

Blowhole segregation at the ingot centre or below the ingot surface - ESR ingot defects.

Blowholes - Slab defects.

Blowholes - Slab defects.

Blowholes/pinholes - Casting defects.

Bluish or purplish discoloration on raceway surface - Bearing defects.

Body line slivers - Hot rolled products - Rolling defects.

Bolt hole crack - Rail defects.

Brinelling - Bearing defects.

Brittle fracture of Fe –2.2% Si slab - Fractography.

Broken base - Rail defects.

Broken corners - Slab defects.

Broken mould - Mould - Casting defects.

Burst at the bulging - 1.7709 steel - Cold drawing defects.

Carbon monoxide blowhole - Casting defects.

Carbon segregation map - 3.3 t ingot - Ingot defects.

Centerline segregation - Slab defects.

Centerline segregation - Slab defects.

Central discontinuity - Forging defects.

Chain and wire marks - Hot-dip galvanized coating - Coating defects.

Chicken cracks - Grinding cracks - Machining defects.

Circular spall in hardened steel roll - Fractography.

Clash shifting I - Gear defects - Other defects.

Cokey center, pits, and dendritic pattern - Forging defects.

Cold crack - Welding defects.

Cold solder - Metal can defects - Coating defects.

Corner cracks - Slab defects.

Crack - Forged bar - Forging defects.

Cracked in sharp cornes - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects.

Cracked upset forged EX33 - Forging defects.

Cracks - Pipeline defects.

Cracks - Rail defects.

Cracks on the surface of an S355J2-NbTi steel - Slab defects.

Cross-section fractures - Slab defects.

Cut-down flange I - Metal can defects - Coating defects.

Damaged rail - Rail defects.

Deep oscillation marks - Slab defects.

Dicontinuities - Casting defects.

Die casting dies corrosion - Tool steel defects.

Different types of cracks in bars and retired-for-cause piping welds - Welding defects.

Distorted crank case - Bearing defects.

Double end - Metal can defects - Coating defects.

Dross - Casting defects.

Edge mapping due to solvent penetration - Paint defects - Coating defects.

Ejection die - Tool steel defects.

Entrapped gas, heavy segregation, voids, and ingot pattern - Forging defects.

Example of a manufacturing defect - Pipeline defects.

Example of external corrosion - Pipeline defects.

Example of measurements of the heat affected zone depth and the depth of weld penetration - Welding defects.

Examples of unacceptable surface finishes - Machining defects.

Excessive quenching-stress - Tool steels - Fractography.

Excessive solder - Metal can defects - Coating defects.

Excessive weld reinforcement - Welding defects.

Expansion scab - Casting defects.

Failure of a long I-beam. - Fractography - Rail defects.

Fatigue failure (pitting) - Gear defects - Other defects.

Fisheye - Welding defects.

Flakes - Forged bar - Forging defects.

Flakes - Tool steels - Heat treatment defects.

Flat shoulder tool welded plate - Welding defects.

Flattened rail - Rail defects.

Forge burst - Forging defects.

Fretting corrosion - Bearing defects.

Grinding cracks - Machining defects.

Grinding cracks caused by failure to temper a part - Machining defects - Fractography.

Grinding cracks-network - Machining defects.

Head checks - Rail defects.

Header dies used for hot-heading of bolts - Tool steels - Fractography.

Heat checked surface of failed hot work die steel after extensive service - Fractography.

Holes - Slab defects.

Hot top cavity - ESR ingot defects.

Hydrogen embrittlement Failure of a rocket suspension lug - Fractography.

Incipient melting - Heat treatment defects.

Inclusion - Slab defects.

Lamination - Cold rolling defects.

Machining surface defect - AISI 1215 steel - Machining defects.

Metal dusting II - Corrosion defects.

Metal loss - Pipeline defects.

Micropitting and macropitting - Gear defects - Other defects.

Mini-spanglizer - Galvanizing - Coating defects.

Misrun - Casting defects.

Mold burned onto ingot 1.2. - Ingot defects.

Orange peeling - Coating defects.

Outside diameter corrosion – Unacceptable - Bearing defects.

Overlap - Welding defects.

Overpickled surface - 1.4305 steel - Cold drawing defects.

Pick-up - Other defects.

Pincher - 1.4016 steel - Cold drawing defects.

Pipe - Ingot defects.

Pits on polished face of AISI A2 tool steel mold - Polishing defects.

Pits on polished face of AISI A2 tool steel mold - Polishing defects.

Pits on polished face of AISI A2 tool steel mold - Polishing defects.

Plain dents - Pipeline defects.

Porosity - Casting defects in the block window II - Casting defects.

Power station cooling system-Sieve from steam condenser cooling water system-Crevice corrosion - Corrosion defects.

Premature tempering accounted for the cracking during treatment of this 21-in.-OD ring die - Tool steels - Fractography - Heat treatment defects.

Punch - Tool steels - Fractography.

Residual stress due to heating and cooling - Heat treatment defects.

Rippled surface - Ingot defects.

Roll burst - Rolling defects.

Roll marks - Hot rolled products - Rolling defects.

Rolling fin - 1.2381 steel - Cold drawing defects.

Root crack I - Gear defects - Other defects.

S7 angle shear blade - Grinding cracks - Machining defects.

Scale pattern - Rolling defects.

Scale pits/scabs - Cold rolled uncoated sheet - Rolling defects.

Scratch after grinding - 1.4104 steel - Cold drawing defects.

Secondary scales due to poor descaling - Hot rolled products - Rolling defects.

Slag under the surface - 1.4105 steel - Cold drawing defects.

Soft arcing - ESR ingot defects.

Spalling - Bearing defects.

Spatter - Welding defects.

Steam condensate system-Upper part of horizontal condensate pipe- Cavitation - Corrosion defects.

Stress crack at the wire - 1.7707 steel - Cold drawing defects.

Stricker mark - Heat treatment defects.

Sulfur print I - Other defects.

Surface mottling (pits) - Forging defects.

Thermal fatigue - Casting defects.

Tooth bending failure from inclusions - Gear defects - Other defects.

Vibration I - Gear defects - Other defects.

Wear tracks - Hard Cr coating - Coating defects.

Zn coating I - Coating defects.

Zn coating II - Coating defects.